Studied by 12 peopleBinomial nomenclature
two-part scientific naming system
bi = two (genus, species) nomial = name
nomen = naming clature = system
How are organisms classified?
can be classified based on physical similarities
Carolus Linnaeus
developed the binomial nomenclature
Taxonomy
the science of naming and classfying organisms
Taxon
group of organisms in a classification system
Genus name
includes one or more physically similar species
Species descriptor
second part of a scientific name
unique descripor that describes the organism, usually an important trait or their habitat
Rules in Binomial nomenclature
uses latin words (& some latinized greek) because latin is a dead language
scientific names always in italics when printed and underlined when written
has two parts - the genus name and species descriptor
genus name is always capitalized
species name is always lowercase
species always follows genus; never written alone
Why was this system developed?
scientific names help scientists communicate
Who makes the rules for naming organisms?
International Code for Binomial Nomenclature
all names must be approved by International Naming Congress (International Zoological Congress)
this prevents duplicate names
Sardinella tawilis
Tawilis
lives in taal lake
Bubalus bubalis carabanensis
carabao
Jasminum sambac
sampaguita
Pithecophaga jeffryi
philippine eagle
Limitations of the system
doesn’t account for molecular evidence
technology didn’t exist during Linneaus’ time
based only on physical similarities
Seven levels of the system
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
each level is included in the level above it
genetic similarities more accurately show evolutionary relationships
3 Domains of Life
Archaebacteria
Bacteria
Eukarya
Prokaryotic
cells that lack a nucleus
Eukaryotic
cells that contain a nucleus
Unicellular
single-celled; made up of one cell
Multi-cellular
made up of many cells
Autotrophic
can make their own food
Heterotrophic
can NOT make their own food
Archaebacteria
thought to be the oldest living organisms
extremophiles
halophiles - likes salt
acidophiles - acidic
thermophiles - can endure extreme heat
Autotrophic
chemotrophic - gathers chemicals to make food
photosynthetic
cell walls are composed of CELLULOSE
Archea - means old
reproduction
binary fission fragmentation
Bacteria
mostly heterotrophic
many are saprotrophs - they obtain food from decaying organic matter
huge number are parasitic - can cause many diseases
cells walls made of PEPTIDOGLYCAN
reproduction
binary fission - ex: e.coli can double its cells every 20 mins, others are 10 mins and some are 24 hrs
conjugation (sex pili)
Archaebacteria vs. Eubacteria
Eukarya
most diverse domain
came from the greek words “eu” which means true and “karyon” which means nut
“eu karyon” = true nut = true nucleus
composed of organisms having “true nucleus”
according to archeological proofs, eukaryotic cells have started to exist more than 0.6 billion years ago
has 4 kingdoms - plantae, animalia, fungi, protista
6 Kingdoms of Life
plantae
animalia
fungi
archeabacteria
eubacteria
protista
Kingdom Protista
Protists
most are unicellular, others are multicellular
some are autotrophs, others are heterotrophs
some have a cell wall made of cellulose
most diverse kingdom
most profilic examples are paramecia and rotifers
common protists
euglena sp.
amoeba sp. - eats everything they stick to
paramecium sp. - not very harmful
volvox sp. - not very harmful
Kingdom Fungi
most are multicellular (yeast - unicellular)
heterotrophic
includes yeast (unicellular), molds, mildews, and mushrooms
cell wall made of CHITIN
cheese molds and yeast are edible
athlete’s foot - fungi lives in the foots’ pores
Kingdom Plantae
multicellular
autotrophic
some are predatory
most live on land
cell wall made of CELLLOSE
Kingdom Animalia
multicellular
eukaryotic
heterotrophic
only few can photosynthesize
live in diverse environments
CHITIN can be found in insect’s skin
Note
Flashcard