gram positive and mycobacteria

Gram Positive Bacteria

Bacteria characterized by a thick peptidoglycan layer, that retain the crystal violet stain used in the Gram staining procedure

Gram negative bacteria

characterized by a thinner peptidoglycan layer and an outer membrane containing lipopolysaccharide (LPS), do not retain crystal violet stain.

B. cereus and L. monocytogenes

gram positive bacteria found in soil and transmitted through food

capsules

helps bacteria Avoid immune recognition &
phagocytosis

Meningococcus

A type of bacteria (Neisseria meningitidis) responsible for meningitis and meningococcemia.

Virulence Factors

Molecular components of pathogens that enable them to cause disease by overcoming host defenses.

Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A Streptococcus)

A bacterium known for causing illnesses such as strep throat, skin infections, and more serious diseases like rheumatic fever.

Acute Rheumatic Fever (ARF)

An inflammatory disease following untreated GAS pharyngitis that affects the heart, brain, and joints (ashoff bodies). may result in vascular scarring and subsequent heart failure

necrotizing fasciitis

pathognomic blue tinge, caused by GAS exotoxins speA, speB, and Spe C, severe rapidly progressing infection involving connctive tissue

exotoxin

toxin bacteria secretes

endotoxin

toxin released as a result of bacteria lysis

scarlet fever, strep throat, necrotizing fascitis, and impetigo ect.

diseeases associated with GAS

alpha-hemolytic

partial hemolysis

beta-hemolytic

complete hemolysis

gamma-hemolytic

no hemolysis

group a streptococcus

b-hemolytic streptococcus

viridans

a-hemolytic streptococcus part of normal oral flora (i.e. S. mutans)

speA and SpeC

exotoxins that stimulate inflammatory cytokines

speB

exotoxin the degrade extracellular matrix, cytokines, and immunoglobulins

Mycobacteria

bacteria with no outer membrane and waxy layer associated with tuberculosis and leprosy.

Miliary TB

A disseminated form of tuberculosis characterized by small tuberculous lesions throughout various organs.

M. avium complex (MAC)

cause of majority of Non-tuberculosis mycobacteria

Non-tuberculous Mycobacteria (NTM)

A group of mycobacteria, not contagious, do not cause tuberculosis, infections in immunocompromised individuals (HIV).

Chronic Granulomatous Disease

A genetic disorder characterized by defective phagocytic cells that cannot produce ROS

Endocarditis

An infection of the inner lining of the heart, often caused by bacteria entering the bloodstream.

Pott's Disease

noncontagious form of tuberculosis caused by the spread of Mycobacterium tuberculosis from lungs to spine. Leads to kyphosis (curved spine)

Antibiotic Prophylaxis

The use of antibiotics to prevent infection, particularly in patients at a high risk during invasive procedures.

Flagella

Hair-like structures that help bacteria move and are critical for their motility.

Biofilm

A community of microorganisms that stick to each other on a surface, often providing protection against antibiotics.

Prosthetic heart valve, IV drug use, Indwelling central venous catheter, poor dentition

risk factors for infective endocarditis.

Strep Pyrogenic Exotoxins (Spe)

Toxins that act as superantigens produced by Group A Streptococcus, leading to increased immune response.

capsules, antigenic variation, biofilm formation, intracellular invasion, endocytosis

how microbes evade host protective barriers

streptococci are catalase negative

differentiattion between streptococci and staphlococci

M protein

what virulence factor of group A streptococcus (GAS) provides resistance to phagocytosis

hyaluronidase

GAs virulence factor that breaks down hyaluronic acid in connective tissue

streptokinase

what virulence factor of group A streptococcus (GAS) helps dissolve blood clots to release additional bacteria

streptolysin O

what virulence factor of group A streptococcus (GAS) is toxic for neutrophils, RBCs, platelets

streptodornase

what virulence factor of group A stretococcus (GAS) digest DNA

post-streptococcal glomerrulonephritis (PSGN)

due to the immune response to infection following skin and pharyngeal infections (GAS infections ie. strep throat). characterized by DARK URINE

Acute rheumatic Fever (ARF)

multi organ inflammatory syndrome as an immune response to untreated GAS pharryngitis, aschoff bodies in heart skins brain and joints

S. aureus, streptococci, enterococci

most common causes of infective endicarrditis (IE)

circumoral pallor and strawberry tongue

common features of scarlet fever

S. aureus

most deadly cause of infective endocarditis, associated with healthcare infections

streptococcal

cause of infective endocarditis in oral cavity, poor dentition as risk factor, little pain or no symptoms

preventative antibiotics only for patients with underlying cardiac conditions and high risk of IE

recommendation on preventative antibiotics prior to dental procedures that manipulate gingival tissue or tear oral mucosa

oral tuberculosis

form of tuberculosis caused when infected sputum enter cut or open wound in mouth, presents as red papules or painful solf shallow ulcers.

lymphadenitis/scrofula

type of tuberculosis common in young children caused by MTB and NTM which results in enlarged lymph nodes

pulmonary disease and skin and soft tissue infections

diseases caused by NTM that occur in immuno compromized individuals

latent tuberculosis

tuberculosis infection with no symptoms, individual doesn’t feel sick, cannot spread, and treament can stop from developing