Unit II Population and Migration Patterns and Processes Quizlet

Dispersed

Spread out, or becoming more spread out after leaving a place of origin or hearth.

population distribution

the pattern of human settlement; the spread of people across the earth

Climate

the weather conditions prevailing in an area in general or over a long period.

Temperate Climates

Moderate in temperature, neither very hot nor very cold; conducive for human settlement

Landforms

The natural features of Earth's surface

Human Migration

The movement of people from one place to another

Population Density

A measurement of the number of people per given unit of land

Arithmetic Density

The total number of people per unit area of land; also called crude density

Physiological Density

The total number of people per unit of arable land

Arable Land

Land that can be used to grow crops

Agricultural Density

The total number of farmers per unit of arable land

Subsistence Agriculture

An agricultural practice that provides crops or livestock to feed one's family and close community using fewer mechanical resources and more people to care for the crops and livestock

Carrying Capacity

The maximum population size an environment can sustain

Demographics

Data about the structures and characteristics of human populations (age, gender, income, religion)

Fertility

The production of offspring within a population

Crude Birth Rate (CBR)

The number of births in a given year per 1,000 people in a given population

Total Fertility Rate (TFR)

The average number of children one woman in a given country or region will have during her child-bearing years

Mortality Rate

Deaths as a component of population change

Crude Death Rate (CDR)

The number of deaths in a given year per 1,000 people in a given population

Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)

The number of deaths of children under the age of 1 per 1,000 live births

Dependency Ratio

The number of people under age 15 and over age 64 compared to the number of people active in the labor force

Sex Ratio

The proportion of males to females in a population

Youth Dependency Ratio

There is a large population under 15 compared to the working population

Elder Dependency Ratio

There is a large population over 64 compared to the working population

Life Expectancy

The average number of years a person is expected to live in a given population

Population Pyramids

A graph that shows the age-sex distribution of a given population

Ecumene

The portion of Earth's surface occupied by permanent human settlement.

Rate of Natural Increase (RNI)

Rate at which a population grows as the result of the difference between the crude birth rate and the crude death rate

Doubling Time

The number of years in which a population growing at a certain rate would double

Urbanization

An increase in the percentage and in the number of people living in urban settlements.

Overpopulation

A term used to describe the condition in which population growth outstrips the resources needed to support life

Neo-Malthusian

Theory that builds upon Malthus' thoughts on overpopulation. Population growth is unsustainable and that the future population cannot be supported by Earth's resources (not just food)

Demographic Transition Model (DTM)

A model that represents shifts in the growth of the world's populations, based on population trends related to birth rate and death rate

Epidemiological Transition Model (ETM)

A model that describes changes in fertility, mortality, life expectancy, and population age distribution, largely as the result of changes in causes of death

Antinatalist

Describing attitudes or policies that discourage childbearing as a means of limiting population growth

Pronatalist

Describing attitudes or policies that encourage childbearing as a means of spurring population growth

Land degradation

Long-term damage to the soil's ability to support life

Mobility

All types of movement from one location to another, whether temporary or permanent or over short or long distances

Circulation

Temporary, repetitive movements that recur on a regular basis

Human Migration

The permanent movement of people from one place to another

Emigration

Movement away from a location

Immigration

Movement to a location

Net Migration

The difference between the number of emigrants and immigrants in a location, such as a city or a country

Gravity Model

A model that predicts the interaction between two or more places; geographers derived the model from Newton's law of universal gravitation

Push Factor

Factors (often negative) that induce people to leave old residences.

Pull Factor

Factors (often positive) that attracts someone to a new location

Forced Migration

Type of migration in which people are compelled to more by disruptive or dangerous political, environmental, or cultural factors

Transnational Migration

a process of movement and settlement across international borders in which individuals maintain or build multiple networks of connection to their country of origin while at the same time settling in a new country

Internal Migration

Movement within a country's borders

Friction of Distance

The increase in time and cost that usually comes with increasing distance; less likely to travel further

Transhumance

The movement of herds between pastures at cooler, higher elevations during the summer months and lower elevations during the winter

Chain Migration

Type of migration in which people move to a location because others from their community have previously migrated there

Step Migration

Series of smaller moves to get to the ultimate destination

Intervening Obstacle

An environmental, political, or cultural factor of the landscape that hinders migration.

Intervening Opportunity

An environmental, political, or cultural factor that causes migrants to pause their journey

Voluntary Migration

Type of migration in which people make the choice to move to a new place

Guest Workers

A migrant who travels to a new country with a visa as temporary labor

Circular Migration

Migration pattern in which migrant workers move back and forth between their country of origin and the destination country where they work temporary jobs

Refugees

A person who is forced to leave his or her country for fear of persecution or death

Asylum

The protection granted by a nation to someone who has left their native country as a political or environmental (natural disaster) refugee

Internally Displaced People

Person who has been forced to flee his or her home but remains within the country's borders

Human Trafficking

Defined by the United Nations as "the recruitment, transportation, harboring, or receipt of persons by improper means (such as force, abduction, fraud, or coercion)"

Repatriate

To return or to be sent back to one's home country

Interregional Migration

Permanent movement from one region of a country to another.

Intraregional Migration

Permanent movement within one region of a country.

Quotas

Limit on the number of immigrants allowed into the country each year