Chapter 8 (not done technically)

Skeletal System Funtions

Protection, support, muscle attachment, movement

left and right maxillae (maxillary bones)

upper jaw

fused in along midline

lateral nasal cavity

part of orbit floor

roof of oral cavity

maxillary bones

Mandible

lower jaw

mental protuberance

chin (apart of Mandible - lower jaw)

alveoli (small pocket)

sockets for teeth

Calvaria

roof of cranium], superior cranium

Part of frontal bone, parietal bone (2), part of occipital bone

Base of the cranium

Part of ethmoid, sphenoid, temporal bones (2), part of occipital

All skull bones, except —- are fused together at immoveable

joints called sutures

mandible

Coronal suture, Sagittal suture, Superior part of lambdoid suture

Sutures of superior cranium

Coronal suture

frontal and parietal bones

Sagittal suture

left and right parietal bones

Superior part of lambdoid suture

occipital with parietal bones

Paranasal sinuses (cavities) found within

frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, and maxillary bones

small bony openings connect ——

allow air to flow in and out of —-

cavities, sinuses

Paranasal Sinuses

connected to nasal cavity via ostia

cilia move mucous into nose [swallowed]

move mucous into nose [swallowed]

cilia

____ reduce weight of skull and

enhance voice resonance

sinuses

____ line sinses

Mucous membranes

Mucous membranes

filter [dust, bacteria, allergens],

warm, and humidify inspired air

___ bone is part of axial skeleton, but it does not articulate with

other bones

Hyoid

C-shaped bone in superior neck

Hyoid

the hyoid is attached by ___ to styloid and ___

processes of temporal bone and ligaments

to larynx(voice box)

muscle, mastoid

larynx

voice box

attachment points for muscles involved in swallowing and speech

hyoid

Hyoid Bone

Vertebral column

Spine

Vertebrae

Individual bones

separate vertebrae

Discs (fibrocartilage)

In vertebrae ___ indicates region

letter

In vertebrae ___ indicates position

number

Classified by structure and location

Vertebrae

Spinal column develops an ___-shape as infant grows

s

Primary curvatures

thoracic and sacral curves present during fetal period

Secondary curvatures

Cervical curvature - allows us to hold our heads up

Lumbar curvature - shifts weight of body onto sacrum

Secondary curvatures

Scoliosis

lateral curvatures in vertebral column

exaggerated cervical and lumbar curvatures

Lordosis (swayback)

Kyphosis (hunchback)

exaggeration of thoracic curvature

Scoliosis

Lordosis

Kyphosis

Wrist consists of

8 short bones (carpals)

C1 in vertebrae

atlas, superior and inferior articular facets

lacks both vertebral body and spinous process

articulates with condyle of occipital bone and C2 respectively

Atlas (C1)

(axis) articulates with atlas

C2

Dens (in Axis C2)

superior tooth-shaped projection protrudes from body

allows joint to perform rotational movement (shaking head to indicate “no”)

Thoracic Vertebrae, Larger and heart shaped; contain costal facets; circular

Cervical vertebrae, Small and oval, triangular

Lumbar vertebrae, largest and kidney shaped; flattened triangular

Intervertebral foramina

foramen through which spinal nerves pass

superior and inferior articular processes

Articular processes form joints between neighboring vertebrae

Spinous process of vertebrae

projects from most posterior aspect of vertebral arch

Transverse processes of vertebrae

project from lateral sides of vertebral arch

True ribs

vertebrosternal

Bone of Ankle and foot

tarsals, metatarsals, and phalanges

bones of foot don’t normally lay flat on ground

arched

__ help support and distribute body weight

muscles

Tarsals ___ short bones

7

Fibula

smaller lateral bone of leg, bears ~1/6 weight of tibia

articulates with lateral tibia

Head of fibula

Lateral malleolus

palpable distal end

articulates with lateral talus

helps stabilize ankle joint

Tibia

larger medial bone of leg

responsible for bearing weight of body

Medial and lateral condyles

proximal end of tibia and articulate with femoral condyles in knee joint

Tibial tuberosity

distal to condyles

on anterior surface

patellar ligament attaches here

Medial malleolus

palpable lump found at ankle

Intercondylar fossa

smooth anterior is patellar surface

Patella is a ___ bone, in tendon of anterior thigh muscle

sesamoid

Neck in femur

just distal to head

Head in femur

articulates with acetabulum at hip joint

large protuberance found lateral to neck

Greater trochanter in femur

Lesser trochanter in femur

medial and distal to greater trochanter

Pubis

smallest coxal bone

Angle formed by two pubic bodies (arch) in males

50-80 degrees

Angle formed by two pubic bodies (arch) in females

70-90 degrees

Ischium

posterior inferior portion of coxal bone

ischial body and ramus

Ischial tuberosity

posteroinferior aspect of ischium, bears all upper body’s weight when seated

Ulna

widest at proximal end and progressively narrows toward distal end

Radial head

articulates with humerus and ulna at elbow joint

Radial styloid process

lateral tip of radius

lateral boundary of wrist and provides joint stabilization

attachment sites for muscle

Medial and lateral epicondyle

Olecranon fossa

deep indentation on

posterior distal epiphysis

articulation with ulna

Protuberance

outgrowth of bone (bulge)

Line (in bone)

long, narrow ridge of bone

linea aspera on femur

Trochanter

large, rough, rounded projection on side of a bone only seen on femur

Process

outward projection of bone

Crest in bone

raised or prominent ridge on edge of a bone

Head

rounded, prominent extension of bone (forms part of the joint) a neck of bone connects it to bone shaft

Condyle

large, elevation or projection (smooth) on end of bone

articulates with another bone to form the joint, covered by hyaline cartilage

Fissure

narrow slit, in an individual bone or between adjacent bones

Foramen

hole in a bone

skull has 21 for passage of blood vessel

foramen magnum for spinal cord

Canal [meatus]

passageway [canal] through bone

Fovea

shallow pit

shallow depression

prevents muscles compressing a nerve or blood vessel

Groove [sulcus]

Fossa

shallow depression in bone

size and shape varies

Facet

flat, shallow surface where two bones articulate