Human Development, Diversity, and Behavior in The Environment

Id

• primal, instinctual

• seeks immediate gratification

• impulsive

Ego

• reality principle

• balancing act, requires compromise

Superego

• idealized self-image

• develops through identification with parental and cultural values

Oral Stage (0-1)

pleasure centers on the mouth, issues related to oral habits such as smoking or overeating

Anal Stage (1-3)

overly rigid personality (anal-retentive) or a disorganized

Phallic Stage (3-6)

oedipus complex, fixation can result in adult relationship difficulties or sexual identity issues

Latency Stage (6-puberty)

relative calm, allowing the individual to develop self-confidence and social skills

Genital Stage (puberty onwards)

unresolved conflicts may result in difficulties with intimacy and emotional fulfillment

Sensorimotor Stage (birth to 2)

learn about the world through their sense and motor actions, critical for forming initial bonds and trust

Preoperational Stage (2-7)

begin to develop symbolic thought

Three Mountain Task, children often assume others see the world as they do, may manifest as difficulties in sharing, taking turns, or understanding different emotional reactions

Concrete Operational Stage (7-11)

develop conservation skills

emergence of decentering (focus on multiple aspects of a situation)

Formal Operational Stage (11+)

development of abstract and hypothetical thinking

adolescents gain hypothetico-deductive reasoning

Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory

Zone of Proximal Development- children can perform with assistance but not yet on their own

scaffolding

children first use language externally, communicating with others, and gradually develop inner speech

emphasis on the social nature of learning

Social Learning Theory- Observational Learning

depends on attention, retention, reproduction, motivation

Social Learning Theory- Self-Efficacy

an individual’s belief in their capability to successfully execute behaviors necessary to achieve specific outcomes