Bio - lab practical #2 (animals)

phylum Porifera

pore bearing sponges, ex. grantia and other sponges, symmetry - asymmetrical, no germ layers, no protostomes or deuterostomes, heterotrophic, carnivorous eating zooplankton, all aquatic, no mouth, no anus, acoelomates, no true digestive system, invertebrates

grantia

phylum Porifera, class Calcerea, common name grantia, sessile

sponge spicules

thin tiny structures forming sponge skeletons

glass sponges

stinger animals, have stinging cells called cnidocytes that shoot sharp harpoons called nematocysts, symmetry - radial, diploblastic (ectoderm, endoderm), no protostomes or deuterostomes, all heterotrophic (carnivorous), all aquatic, 1 opening as mouth and anus, acoelomates, incomplete digestive system

3 classes of Cnidaria

hydrozoans, scyphozoans, anthozoans

class Hydrozoans

polyp stage dominates the life cycle obelia, hydra, Portuguese man-o-war (physalia), gonionemius

protostomes vs deuterostomes

protostomes the blastopore develops into the mouth, deuterostomes the blastopore develops into the anus

incomplete digestive system

digestive system that consists of a digestive cavity and a single opening that serves as both mouth and anus

Obelia

phylum Cnidaria, class Hydrozoa, polyp and medusa stage

hydra

phylum Cnidaria, class Hydrozoa, polyp stage only

hydra budding

bud develops as an outgrowth due to repeated cell division at one specific site

animals are characterized as

eukaryotic, multicellular, ingestive-feeding heterotrophs

ingestive-feeding heterotrophs

derive energy from organic carbon molecules made by other organisms

asymmetrical

no symmetry

sponges are

filter-feeding heterotrophs and have no photosynthetic pigments

sessile

organism that does not move, it remains attached to one place

nematocysts vs cnidocysts

cnidocytes are stinging cells in Cnidarians, nematocysts are the sharp harpoons that are shot by the cnidocytes

types of symmetry

asymmetry, radial symmetry, bilateral symmetry

radial symmetry

quality of having many lines of symmetry that all pass through a central point

bilateral symmetry

property of being divisible into symmetrical halves on either side of a unique plane, distinct anterior and posterior ends

structure of sponges

epithelial layer - flat cells that line the outside of a sponge, spongocoel - a central cavity (inside the sponge), choanocytes/collar cells - flagellated cells that line the spongocoel, ostium cells - pores where moving flagella draw water through pores and into spongocoel, osculum - a large hole at the ends of sponge where filtered water exits through

amoebocytes

creeping mobile cells with many functions, including digestion and the ability to differentiate into other cell types as needed, secrete the skeleton of calcareous spicules (containing calcium), siliceous spicules (containing silicon), or proteinaceous spongin fibers

calcareous spicules contain

calcium

siliceous spicules contain

silicon

cross section of sponge morphology

know flagellum, choanocyte, osculum, spongocoel, spicule, amoebocyte

shrimps relation to sponges

glass sponge houses several different species of shrimp, when a male and female shrimp enter the spongocoel, they may grow too large to escape

euplectella

phylum Porifera, commonly known as glass sponges

other functions of spicules besides support

protection

sponge reproduction

asexual or sexual, asexual includes budding and the release gemmules, sexual is choanocytes and amoebocytes differentiate into gametes, sperm are released into the water and are captured by choanocytes or amoebocytes of other sponges, the captured sperm are transported to eggs and fertilization occurs

gemmules

stress-resistant aggregates of amoebocytes

cells of Cnidarians are organized into true

tissues (nervous, muscular, or reproductive)

2 basic body plans of Cnidarians

polyps and medussae

polyps

cylindrical animals with a mouth surrounded by tentacles atop the cylinder

medussae

free-floating aquatic animals with a structure similar to a jellyfish, mouth faces downwards and are surrounded by hanging tentacles

polymorphism

many forms, alternation of polyp and medusae stages

gastrovascular cavity

digestive chamber with a single opening, in which cnidarians, flatworms, and echinoderms digest food; one opening that is both mouth and anus

extracellular digestion

digestion outside the cell

life cycle for Cnidaria

male and female medusae use meiosis to produce gametes that, in water are fertilized, these gametes are the only haploid state; all other stages are diploid

are cnidocytes significant to fundamental processes for Cnidarians

yes, they capture food which allows the organism to grow and reproduce

do sponges appear to have any other organs or organ systems

no

life cycle of a Obelia

polyps reproduce by asexual budding, forming colonies, reproductive polyps may also give rise to medusae, which reproduce sexually via gametes

what specialized cells of tentacles aid in capturing prey

cnidocytes

what structures determine whether a polyp of Obelia is a gastrozooid (feeding polyp) rather than a gonozoid

upward-pointing tentacles

gastrozoid

feeding polyp

touching a Portuguese man-of-war

touching the nematocysts on the dangling tentacles is lethal for small fish and painful (but rarely lethal) for swimmers

gonionemus is a

Hydrozoan with an atypically large medusa

class Anthozoa

sea anemones (Metridium) and Coral, largest class of Cnidarians \\n no medusa, asexual reproduction is fragmentation

class Scyphozoans

Aurelia (jellyfish), medusae and polyp stages

jellyfish labeled

recognize the ring canal, tentacles, and gonads, phylum Cnidaria, class Scyphozoa

sea anemone labeled

recognize oral tentacles (on top), mouth, oral disk, pedal disk, phylum Cnidaria, class Anthozoa

corals secrete a hard skeleton of

calcium carbonate

advantage of a partitioned gastrovascular cavity

increased surface area for greater rate of absorption

group within the kingdom Protista probably gave rise to sponges

flagellates (choanoflagellates), sponges posses a flagellum and collar cells

types of flukes (Trematoda)

Fasciola - sheep liver fluke, Clonorchis (Opisthorchis) - Chinese liver fluke, Schistosoma - blood flukes

phylum Platyhelminthes

non-segmented flatworms, subphylum Turbellaria (nonparasitic) - Dugesia planarian (planaria), subgroup Trematoda (parasitic) - Flukes (Clonorchis/Opisthorchis and Fasciola) and Schistosoma, subgroup Cercomeromorpha (parasitic) - Taenia tapeworm, triploblastic (ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm), neither pro nor deu, all heterotrophic, most aquatic, freshwater, terrestrial, and parasitic environments, 1 opening as mouth and anus, incomplete digestive system, acoelomate, nerve cord, symmetry - bilateral

Dugesia planarian

nonparasitic, head has lateral loves and sensory organs called eyespots, most digestion in the gastrovascular cavity is extracellular but phagocytic cells line the cavity and complete digestion of small particles intracellularly, powers of regeneration, phylum Platyhelminthes, subphylum Turbellaria

Clonorchis/Opisthorchisoriental liver fluke

oriental liver fluke, phylum Platyhelminthes, subgroup Trematoda

Opisthorchis labeled

know ventral sucker, mouth, gastrovascular cavity and testis, phylum Platyhelminthes, subgroup Trematoda

Taenia tapeworm labeled

know proglottid and scolez, phylum Platyhelminthes, subgroup Cercomeromorpha

phylum Nematoda

non-segmented roundworms, ex. ascaris (parasitic, intestinal), vinegar eel, roundworms, all parasitic, bilateral symmetry, triploblastic, protostome, heterotrophic, most aquatic, also freshwater, terrestrial and parasitic environments \\n complete digestive system with separate mouth and anus openings, pseudocoelomate, false body cavity, mesoderm does not line cavity, open circulatory systems, cause diseases in humans, other animals, and plants (Elephantiasis)

acoelomates

mesoderm is a solid mass of tissue with no internal cavity

pseudocoelomates

body cavity between mesoderm and endoderm (pseudocoelom)

ascaris female vs male

male end curls or hook shape

ascaris labeled

know ovary, uterus, and intestine, infects intestinal tract of humans and other invertebrates, phylum Nematoda

triploblastic

3 germ layers

protostome

animal whose mouth is formed from the blastopore

blastopore

opening of the archenteron in the gastrula that develops into the mouth in protostomes and the anus in deuterostomes

pseudocoelom

fluid-filled space between the body wall and digestive tract, internal organs are suspended in this cavity

open circulatory system

system in which blood is not always contained within a network of blood vessels

flatworms and roundworms have a cellular

mesoderm in addition to ectoderm and endoderm

mesoderm

solid mass of tissue with no internal cavity

coelomate

major organs are suspended in a coelomic cavity completely surrounded by the mesoderm

nervous system of the flatworm can be divided into 2 ___ that can be seen running along its sides, ladder like arrangement

nerve cords (Platyhelminthes)

hermaphroditic

both male and female sex organs (subphylum Turbellaria)

subphylum Trematoda and subgroup Cercomeromorpha are

parasitic

subgroup Turbellaria are

nonparasitic

epicuticle

resists digestive enzymes

Fasciola labeled

know oral sucker and ventral sucker, phylum Platyhelminthes, subgroup Trematoda

life cycle of oriental liver fluke

know that it involves snails, fish, and humans, hermaphroditic, larvae of flukes develop in snails and fish, humans are infected when they eat raw or poorly cooked fish

how does the position of the mouth of Dugesia and flukes compare

in the fluke it is at the anterior end, in the planaria it is in the middle

Schistosoma

blook fluke, inhabits the intestinal veins and other organs of many vertebrates, causes the disease schistosomiasis infects more than 200 million people in countries tropical and temperate climate, snails are intermediate hosts

intermediate host

tapeworms, endoparasites of the gut vertebrates and are covered by a cuticle similar to that of Trematodes, the cuticle efficiently absorbs nutrients from their host (humans)

definitive host

contains sexually mature, egg-laying stages of the life cycle

subgroup Cercomorpha

tapeworms, endoparasites of the gut vertebrates and are covered by a cuticle similar to that of Trematodes, the cuticle efficiently absorbs nutrients from their host (humans)

tapeworms are the most ___ Platyhelminthes

specialized

scolex

head of an adult tapeworm, can contain suckers or hooks

proglottids

segments of a tapeworm about 10-15 m long each, has a complete reproductive system

Taenia tapeworm

common name tapeworm, humans are infected by eating uncooked meat from pigs, secondary/intermediate host - pigs, primary host - humans, phylum Platyhelminthes, subgroup Cercomeromorpha

tapeworms have no digestive system or mouth, how do they obtain food

diffusion through the body wall

cuticles in Nematodes

resists digestive enzymes

advantages of a digestive tract having a separate entrance and exit

one way passage for food, allows for specialization of the digestive tract

Nematodes have only

longitudinal muscles and lack circular or diagonal muscles, produces a characteristic/whiplike motion

disadvantages of a flatworms digestive system only having one opening

it needs to empty the digestive tract before it can eat again, no continuous feeding

phylum Mollusca

soft bodied, class Polyplacophora - chitons, class Gastropods - snails and slugs, class Bivalvia - clams, class Cephalopoda - squids, octopus, nautilus, biradial/bilateral symmetry, triploblastic, heterotrophs, aquatic/terrestrial, complete digestive system, reduced hydrostatic acoelomate, non-segmented, all classes have open circulatory systems except Cephalopods have a closed circulatory system, well-developed nervous system

clam labeled

know foot, adductor muscles, siphons, gills, mantle, labial palp, stomach, heart, phylum Mollusca, class Bivalvia

nautilus

only cephalopod with an external shell, phylum Mollusca, class Cephalopoda

chiton labeled

phylum Mollusca, class Polyplacophora

eucoelomate

true body cavity

phylum Annelida

segmented roundworms, class Polychaeta - nereis, parapodia, setae bristles, class Oligochaete - earthworms, class Hirudinea - leeches, bilateral, triploblastic, heterotrophic, aquatic/terrestrial, developed eucoelom, Schizoroelus, specialized segmentation and cephalization, metameric serial repetitions along a central axis, closed circulatory system, complete digestive system, well-developed nervous system

metameric segmentation

serial repetition of segments and organ systems