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What does the word geography mean?
the study of places and the relationships between people and their environments
How are history and geography different?
a geographer can go to a place, but a historian can travel back in time
Place
A very specific point on Earth distinguished by a particular characteristic
region
A place on Earth that consists of multiple places.
scale
The relationship between the part of Earth that is being studied and the whole Earth.
space
The physical space between 2 things.
connection
Relationships among people and objects across spaces.
What is a map?
a scale model of the Earth's surface.
What is one purpose of a map?
a reference tool
What is another?
a communication tool
What is cartography?
The science of map making
Pythagoras
The first to propose a world map
Hecataeus
Produced the first geography book
Aristotle
The first to propose the earth being round
Eratosthenes
Invented the word ¨geography¨
Ptolemy
Wrote a geographia
Pei Xiu
The father of chinese cartography¨
Muhammad al-Idrisi
Wrote about his travels through southwest asia and north africa
Ibn Battuta
Wrote Rihla
Martin Waldseemuller
Produced the first america map
Abraham Ortelius
Created the first common atlas
Bernhardus Varenius
Produced geografia generalis
Geographic Information Science
The analysis of data about earth acquired through satellite
Photogrammetry
The science of taking measurements of Earth's surface from photographs.
Remote Sensing
The acquisition of data about earth's surface from a satellite orbiting earth or from other long-distance methods.
Global Positioning System
A system that determines the precise position of something on earth
Geotagging
Identification and storage of a piece of information by its latitude and longitude coordinates.
Volunteered Geographic Information
The creation and dissemination of geographic data contributed voluntarily and for free by individuals
Citizen Science
Collects and disseminate local knowledge and information through electronic devices
Participatory GIS
Community based mapping.
Mashup
A map that overlays data from one source on top of a map provided by a mapping service.
What is a map scale
the relationship of a features size on a map to its actual size
How is a map scale represented?
ratio, written, and geographic
What are the four types of distortion?
size, angle, distance, and direction
what type of of map is this
Isoline map
what type of of map is this
dot distribution map
what type of of map is this
Choropleth map
what type of of map is this
Graduated symbol map
Meridian (Longitude)
An arc drawn on a map between the north and south poles
Parallel (Latitude)
A circle drawn around the globe to the equator and at right angles to the meridians
Prime Meridian
The meridian designated at 0 degrees longitude that passes through the royal observatory at Greenwich england
Isoline map
connects with lines all the places that have particular values
dot distribution map
depicts data as points and shows how those points are clustered together or spread out over an area.
Choropleth map
a map where reconizable areas are shared or patterned in proportion to the measurement of the variablle
Graduated symbol map
displays symbols that change according to the value of the variable
Cartogram
a map which the size of a country or U.S. state is proportional to the value of a particular variable
what map is this
cartogram
Location
The position of anything on the earths surface
Toponym
The name given to a portion of earths surface
Site
The physical character of a place
Situation
The location of a place relative to another place
Relative Location
The relationship of a place to other places
Absolute Location
Somethings exact place on earth
cultural Landscape
Fashioning of a natural landscape by a cultural group
Formal Region
An area in which everyone shares in one or more distinctive charastics
Uniform Region
An area with a high level of consistency in a certain cultural or physical attribute
functional Region
An organized area in which everyone shares in one or more distinctive characteristics.
vernacular (Perceptual) Region
An area that people believe exists as part of their cultural identity
What two facets of the concept of culture do geographers care about?
language and religion
What is Spatial Association
the spatial relationships between variables at specific sites or how variables are distributed across the earth’s surface
What is a transnational Corporation?
a company that conducts research, operates factories and sells products in many countries, not just were headquarters or shorelands are located
Distribution
The arrangement of something across earths surface
Density
The frequency with which something exists within a given area
Concentration
The spread of something over a given area
Pattern
The geometric or regular arrangement of something in a study area
Post Structuralist Geography
The study of how the powerful in society dominate or try to control less powerful groups and the consequences
Humanistic Geography
The study of how people relate to their environment, space, time, and behavior
Behavioral Geography
The study of how people behave in relation to different places
Uneven Development
The increasing gap in economic conditions between core and peripheral regions as a result of the globalization of the economy
Inequality Within Countries
The idea tat different people in a country experience different standards of living
Distribution by Ethnicity and Race
Different races might be attracted to certain areas
What is diffusion?
the process of spread a feature or trend from one place to another over time
What is a hearth?
the region from which innovative ideas originate
Relocation Diffusion
The spread of a feature or trend through bodily movement of people from one place to another
Expansion Diffusion
The spread of a feature or trend among people from one area to another in a snowballing process
Hierarchical Diffusion
he spread of a feature or trend from one key person or node of authority or power to other persons or places
Contagious Diffusion
The rapid, widespread diffusion of a feature or trend throughout a population
Stimulus Diffusion
The spread of an underlying principal, even though a specific characteristic is rejected
distance Decay
the diminishing in importance and eventual disappearance of a phenomenon with increasing distance from its orign
Space-Time Compression
The spread of an underlying principal, even though a specific characteristic is rejected
Acculturation
the process where a group adopts some of the dominant culture’s culture
Syncretism
A mix of several cultures
Conservation
the sustainable use of earth resources
Preservation
the maintenance of resources in their present condition with as little human impact as possible
what are sustainability’s 3 pillars
social, economic, environmental
Biotic
all living organisms
Abiotic
composed of nonliving matter
Atmosphere
The layer of gases that surrounds a planet
Hydrosphere
All water from oceans, lakes and rocks
Lithosphere
The solid outer layer of earth
Biosphere
All living organisms on earth
Ecosystem
a group of living organisms and the abiotic spheres which which they interact with
Ecology
the study of ecosystems
Erosion
the geological processes of natural forces wearing away or transporting earthen materials
Depletion of nutrients
when plants withdraw more nutrients than natural processes can replace
Cultural ecology
geographic approach that emphasizes human-environment relationships
Environmental determinism
the belief that the physical environment exclusively shapes humans, their actions, and their thoughts.
Possibilism
is the viewpoint that people, not environments, are the dynamic forces of cultural development
What is Coordinated Universal Time
the time zone containing 0 degrees longitude
Note
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