Transition Metals Unit 2

What are the different types of rxns?

• Combination

• Decomposition

• Single Replacement

• Double Replacement

What is a combination rxn?

A + B —> AB

What is a decomposition rxn?

AB —> A + B

What is a single replacement rxn?

A + BC —> AC + B

What is a double replacement rxn?

AB + CD —> AD + CB

Lanthanide contraction

• The observation that the second and third rows and TM have very similar radii

• The f-orbital electrons in the lanthanides (third rows) are bad at shielding, making their radii smaller than expected, coincidentally similar to the radii size of second rows TMs

Why are TM great catalysts?

1) They have multiple ox. states

2) They have multiple coordination numbers

3) Ligands an easily bond to the TM (libile)

4) TM are coordinately unsaturated (Always has open spots for ligands/ reactants to bond to)

Catalyst

Something that accelerates a reaction without being consumed during the reaction

Metallurgy

The process of refining metal ore to pure metal for industrial use and applications

What elements are in the Scandium Family?

• Scandium

• Yttrium

Scandium (Sc) Characteristics

• Found in uranium ores

• Most common ox. states: +3

• Colorless, diamagnetic

• Similar chemistry to Y, Al, & lanthanides due to absence of d-electrons in the cation

• Diagonal relationship to Mg

• Used in: High-intensity lamps, aluminum alloys, dentistry lasers

Yttrium (Y) Characteristics

• Found in lunar rock samples

• Named by Ytterby, along with: Er (Erbium), Yb (Ytterbium), and Tb (Terbium)

• Used in: Red phosphors in TVs and LEDs, alloys, cancer treatment

What elements make up the Titanium Family?

• Titanium

• Zirconium

• Hafnium

Titanium (Ti) characteristics

• Most common ox. states: +3 and +4

• Similar properties to C and Si

• Low density, low corrosion, high strength = Good structural material

• Found in mineral deposits, living things, soil, water, rocks

• Used in aircraft, artificial bones, white pigment in paper, jewelry

Zirconium (Zr) Characteristics

• Chemically resistant

• Used in jewelry, opacifiers, crucibles

Hafnium (Hf) Characteristics

• Used in integrated circuits and control rods

What elements make up the Vanadium family?

• Vanadium

• Niobium

• Tantalum

Vanadium (V) Characteristics

• Most common ox. states: +5 (but 2-5 are all possible)

• Makes strong + tough steels

• Compounds containing V are toxic

• V2O5 (vanadium pentoxide) is a catalyst for sulfuric acid production

• Used in engine parts, sulfuric acid production, axles

• Corrosion resistant

Niobium (Nb) Characteristics

• Used in steel alloy, pacemakers, and for hypoallergenic stuff

• Similar to Ta, hard to distinguish from one another

Tantalum (Ta) Characteristics

• Corrosion resistant

• Used in allow, Pt substitute, modern electronic devices

What elements are part of the Chromium family?

• Chromium

• Molybdenum

• Tungsten

Chromium characteristics

• Corrosion resistant

• Has intense colors

• Most common ox. states: +2, +3, +6

• Toxic, carcinogenic

• Used in plating, as a catalyst, cleaning solutions, ruby red color, pigments

What makes up the Manganese family?

• Manganese

• Technetium

• Rhenium

Manganese characteristics

• Ox. states range from +2 to +7

• Used in batteries, hard steel, pigment,, gas additive, rust treatment, and as a catalyst (MnO2)

What makes up the Iron family?

• Iron

• Ruthenium

• Osmium

Iron characteristics

• Most common ox. states: +2 and +3

• Most common element by mass

• Most important element

• Used in steels and alloys

• Forms metal carbonyl bonds (M — CO)

What makes up the Cobalt family?

• Cobalt

• Rhodium

• Iridium

Cobalt characteristics

• Ferromagnetic

• Common ox. states: +2 and +3

• Forms metal carbonyl bonds (M — CO)

• Used in alloys, magnets, stainless steel, vit. B12

What makes up the Nickel family?

• Nickel

• Palladium

• Platinum

Nickel characteristics

• Corrosion-resistant

• Forms metal carbonyl bonds (M — CO)

• Most common ox. state: +2

• Used in plating, steel, allows, coin, electroplating, NiCad batteries, magnets

What makes up the Copper family?

• Copper

• Silver

• Gold

Copper characteristics

• Corrosion-resistant

• Naturally blue

• High conductivity

• Common ox. states: +1 and +2

• Used in batteries, plating, pigment, wires, circuits, motors

Gold characteristics

• Does not oxidize in air or water

• Most malleable metal

• Used in jewelry, coins, dentistry, wiring

What makes up the Zinc family?

• Zinc

• Cadmium

• Mercury

Zinc characteristics

• Most common ox. state: +2

• Corrosion-resistant, hard, brittle

• Diamagnetic, reducing agent

• Similar chemistry as Mg

• Used in galvanizing, batteries, alloys

Mercury characteristics

• Only metal that is liquid @ STP

• Common ox. states: +1 and +2

• Used in thermometers, dental filling, barometers, fluorescent lights

Lanthanide characteristics

• Elements all have similar chemistry

• Similar chemistry to Sc and Y

• Common ox. state: +3 (+2 and +4 also possible)

• Loses s-electrons before f-electrons

• Highly reactive with halogens and chalcogens

Actinide chracteristics

• All radioactive and toxic

• All paramagnetic

• Similar properties to lanthanides

• Used in nuclear products