Psych Unit 4

Emotions

a response of the whole organism, involving -(1) physiological arousal

-(2) expressive behaviors

-(3) conscious experience

Two Factor Theory (Schachter-Singer Theory)

To experience emotion one must be physically aroused and cognitively label the arousal. So you have a physiological response, but must cognitively label it, then comes emotion

Two Factor Theory (Schachter-Singer Theory) Example

I am crying and I realize I am crying because the Vikings lost, now I am sad.

Two Factor Theory (Schachter-Singer Theory) Diagram

(body response ←→ Cognitive label) → Emotion

Polygraph

A lie detector machine

-Detect autonomic bodily changes to assess if "lying"

-Not accurate

Theories of Motivation

The different ways humans can be motivated

Motivation

Need or desire that energizes and directs behavior

Instinct Theory

-We are motivated by genetic instincts

-Started by Darwin and was not effective, viewed our instincts as cause for motivation

Instinct

A complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned

Drive Reduction Theory

The idea that the body creates an aroused state (drive) that motivates human to satisfy

Homeostasis

Tendency to maintain a balanced internal state

-Not a motivational theory, but helps explain drive reduction theory

Incentive

A positive or negative stimulus that motivates behavior

Incentive examples

You feel cold so you get up and put a sweatshirt on. You're hungry so you go to Chick-Fil-A

Arousal Theory

Our need to maintain an optimal level of arousal

Arousal Theory Explained

Why people have a hard time staying home on a Saturday night

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

A organization of human priorities (needs)

-Made by Abraham Maslow

-A humanistic idea

Self-Determination Theory

We are motivated by satisfying needs for competence, autonomy and relatedness

Yerkes-Dodson Law of Optimum Arousal

Performance increases with arousal up to a point, where performance then decreases

Yerkes-Dodson Law of Optimum Arousal Examples

-You're hyped for the test so you study and do well. But if you're too hyped you get test anxiety and bomb it, even tho you studied

-You're hyped for the big game, but if you get too hyped you'll get nervous and won't do well

Yerkes-Dodson Law Bell Curve

Physiological needs

Food, Water, Warmth, Rest

Safety Needs

Security, Safety

Belongingness and love needs

Intimate relationships, friends

Esteem needs:

Prestige and feelings of accomplishments

Basic Needs

-Physiological Needs

-Safety Needs

Psychological Needs

-Belongingness and love needs

-Esteem needs

Self-fulfilment needs

-Self-Actualisation

Personality

An individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling and acting

Unconscious (according to Freud)

A reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories. According to contemporary psychologists, it's not as perverted, but information processing we are unaware of

Psychoanalysis

Freud's theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts; the techniques used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions

-Freud believed that everything we do is an expression of the unconscious mind, even if we don't realize it.

Freudian slip

A verbal mistake that is thought to reveal an unconscious belief, thought, or emotion

Psychoanalysis Example

Patient was tight on money, Freud prescribed him anti-anxiety meds, guy said "I can't swallow big bills"

Structure of personality (Id, Ego, Superego)

Freud believed we are consistently fighting a battle between impulses and society or guilt of actions

Id

Strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives. Operates on the pleasure principle, demands immediate gratification (devil)

Superego

Represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment and for future aspirations (Angel)

Ego

The conscious or executive part of personality that mediates demands of id, superego and reality. Tries to satisfy IDs desires in a realistic way, while upholding values of the super ego (What you're most likely to do)

Defense Mechanisms

Psychoanalytic idea that reduces anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality

Repression

The most basic defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings and memories from the conscious mind

Regression

Retreating to a more infantile psychosexual stage

Regression example

Sucking thumb, crying, temper tantrum

Denial

Refusing to believe or even perceive painful realities

Denial Example

Drug addicts

Projection

Disguising one's own threatening impulses by attributing them to others

Projection Example

"everyone else is doing it"

Reaction Formation

Switching unacceptable impulses into their opposites

Reaction Formation Example

Fake bullshit on social media

Displacement

Shifting sexual or aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable or less threatening object or person

Displacement Example

Punching a wall

Rationalization

Offering self-justifying explanations in place of the real, more threatening unconscious reasons for one's actions

Rationalization example

"just this one time, what could it hurt?"

Neo-Freudians

Agreed with Freud's basic ideas (id, ego, superego, unconscious), but place more emphasis on

-Importance of conscious mind

-Don't believe sex and aggression are so prevalent

-Agreed with Freud childhood is important, but how they interact with society, not sex

=Inferiority

Adler

=Anxiety

Horney

Inferiority

The condition of being lower in status or quality than another or others.

=Collective unconscious

Carl Jung

Collective unconscious

Idea that humans hare and inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species

-Helps explain commonalities amongst cultures and time periods

How do we uncover unconscious?

Projective Tests

Projective Tests

Personality tests that are supposed to project or expose an individual's nconscious thinking or feelings

Rorschach Ink Blot

Random blots of ink where a psychoanalyst asks patients what it is, answer is supposed to uncover your unconscious!

Thematic Apperception Test

Making up a story based on a picture, to show unconscious thoughts and feeling

Free Association

A psychoanalytic method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing

Dream Analysis

Analyzing the latent content of dreams to find meaning

Freud's Theory of PsychoSexual Development

Freud said children pass through psychosexual stages

Psychosexual stages

The childhood stages of development during which, the id's pleasure-seeking energies focus on erogenous (sexually stimulated) zones

Oedipus Complex

A theory of Freud's where he believed boys have sexual desires towards their mothers and feel jealousy or hatred of their rival fathers

Electra complex

For Girls

Social-Cognitive Perspective

Views behavior as influenced by the interaction between people's thoughts and their social context

-Albert Bandura

-Analyzes how we think about our social situations

-Discusses little about traits, focuses more on environment and thinking

Bandura views the person-environment interaction as "Reciprocal determinism"

The interacting influences of behavior, internal cognition, and environment

Reciprocal determinism

Children's TV viewing habits (past behavior) influence their preference (internal factor), which influence how TV (environmental factor) affects their current behavior?

Personality cognition

environment and behavior combine to make our personality

reciprocal determinism model

Personal Control

Extent to which people perceive control over their environment rather than feeling helpless

External Locus of control

The perception that chance or outside forces beyond your personal control determine your fate

Internal Locus of control

The perception that you control your own fate

-People with ------------------------ tend to be less depressed, in better health and achieve more in school and work

Learned Helplessness

The hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events

-Awful dog experiment

-Example, studying

Positive Psychology

The scientific study of optimal human functioning; aims to discover and promote strengths and virtues that enable individuals and communities to thrive

Spotlight Effect

Overestimating others' noticing and evaluating our appearance, performance, and blunders (spotlight shining on us)

Self-esteem

one's feelings of high or low self-worth

Self-esteem study

o Finnish study of 297 where they correlated positive --------- to more success as an adult

o People who are insecure tend to be thin skinned and judgmental

o But does low ---------- cause a negative life or does negative life cause low --------?

Self-Serving Bias

A readiness to perceive oneself favorably

=Humanist

Carl Rogers's

Carl Rogers

Kinda agreed with Maslow that humans are born good and can achieve self-actualization, unless thwarted by an environment that inhibits growth, compares us to acorns in the idea that we're primed for growth and fulfillment

ideal factors

A growth promoting climate required three conditions for Rogers

Genuineness

When people are ---------, they are open with their own feelings, drop their facades, and are transparent and self-disclosing

Acceptance

They offer unconditional positive regard

unconditional positive regard

An attitude of total acceptance towards another person. Accepting their failures and faults

Acceptance Example

It doesn't matter if you win or lose

Empathy

People share or mirror others' feeling and reflect their meanings.

All help us develop self-actualization and personality

Self-concept

who am i? must ask to find personality

Self-transcendence

striving for identity, meaning and purpose beyond one's self

Personality Inventories

A questionnaire on which people respond to items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors

o Used to assess selected personality traits

Myers-Briggs Personality Inventory

A widely accepted personality test that analyzes multiple personality traits, tries to get the whole you

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory

The most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests. Originally developed to identify emotional disorders (still used)

o Now used for many other screening purposes

oAlso referred to as MMPI

Big 5 Personality Factor

Five factors that define us (simple) (measured by MMPI) (CANOE) (OCEAN)

§ Conscientiousness

§ Agreeableness

§ Neuroticism

§ Openness

§Extraversion

Conscientiousness

Competence, Self-Discipline, Thoughtfulness, Goal-Driven

Conscientiousness Low Score

-Impulsive

-Careless

-Disorganized

Conscientiousness High Score

-Hardworking

-Dependable

-Organized

Openness

(Imagination, Feelings, Actions, Ideas)

Openness Low Score

-Classical

-Conventional

-Prefers Routine

Openness High Score

-curious

-wide range of interest

-independent