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Homestead Act
Law law signed by Lincoln that granted any American 160 acres of western land. They had to work and live there for 5 years to earn it
Promontory Point
Where the two companies met while building the TCRR(Transcontinental Railroad)
Disparity
The difference between the rich and the poor
Mass Production
factory production of goods in large quantities
Entrepreneurs
a person who starts a new business, introduces a new product, or improves a management technique
Corporation
type of business or organization owned by many people but treated by law as though it were a person
Stocks
shares of ownership a company sells in its business
Shareholder
a person who invests in a company by buying stock
monopoly
a market where there is only one provider
trust
a combination of firms or corporations formed by a legal agreement, especially to reduce competition
Holding company
a company used to avoid legal problems and control operations
Robber Barons
Companies that created monopolies, exploited workers, and took control of the gov
sweatshop
a shop or factory where workers work long hours at low wages under unhealthy conditions
Labor union
organization of workers who seek better pay and working conditions by striking
strike
a work stoppage by employees as a protest against an employer
emigrate
to leave one's homeland to live elsewhere
immigrate
the permanent movement of people into one country from other nation(moving into a country)
assimilate
to become part of a larger culture
Melting Pot
various ethnic groups, losing their culture and blending into American culture
Nativism
belief that native-born Americans are superior to foreigners
Chinese Exclusion Act
A law that restricted Chinese Immigration
Immigration Act of 1917
A law that limited immigration
urbanization
the process of making an area more urban(more like a city)
tenement
a type of residence that is often run-down and crowded
What is the meaning of the Gilded Age
A time period characterized by a greatly expanding economy and the emergence of plutocratic influences in gov and society
Who coined the term Gilded Age
Mark Twain
What was the Gilded Age like?
It was full of corruption and innovation
Exodusters
African Americans who moved west for more freedom and less discrimination after the Homestead Act
What is the significance of the Transcontinental Railroad(TCRRT)?
Created the Homestead Act, almost caused the extinction of the bison, and expanded industry out into the west
Who worked on the transcontinental railroad?
Immigrants such as the Irish or Chinese
Native Americans and the railroad
Native Americans attacked the railroad across the Great Plains
Henry Bessemer
Created the Bessemer Process.
Thomas Edison
Inventor of the lightbulb
Alexander Graham Bell
Inventor of the telephone
Henry Ford
Creator of the Model-T and assembly line
The Wright brothers
Creator of the airplane
What is the significance of the Bessemer Process
Quicker production of steel
What is the significance of the elevator
made transport easier and allowed for building to have higher floors
What is the significance of the skyscraper?
Allowed for more growth in the cities
What is the significance of the lightbulb?
Made streets safer and made it easier to work at night
Carnegie(industry and how their monopoly was made aka: type of integration they used)
Made a steel monopoly through vertical integration
Morgan (industry and how their monopoly was made aka: type of integration they used)
Bought Carnegie steel and created General Electric
Vanderbilt (industry and how their monopoly was made aka: type of integration they used)
Shipping monopoly through vertical integration
Rockefeller (industry and how their monopoly was made aka: type of integration they used)
Oil monopoly through horizontal integration
Monopoly
When one person or business is exclusively suppling a good/service
Horizontal integration
Buying the competition
Vertical integration
buying multiple stages of production
trust
when an owner surrenders control of a company, but maintains the profit
Sherman Anti-Trust Act of 1890
An act passed by congress that outlawed “non-competitive” business operations(trusts)
What is laissez-faire and how did it effect the economy?
a hands off gov practice that resulted in monopolies
How did US economy shift in late 1800s?
America shifted from an agrarian(farming based) economy to an industrial economy. America also became self-reliant.
Be able to analyse political cartoons like this
What were working conditions like for most people during the Gilded Age?
Harsh, unsafe, underpaid, and extremely long
Be able to identify images related to child labor like this
Haymarket affair
A protest for an 8-hour work day. A fight broke out and a pipe bomb was thrown. The violence was named on the Knights of Labor
Homestead strike
Andrew Carnegie stopped recognizing the union and Mr. Fick didn’t properly match wages until people left the union. It ended in many deaths as the US militia ended the strike
Pullman Strike
over 3,000 workers strike after a wage reduction. Federal troops were sent and strikers were put on a blacklist.
Knights of Labor
The first union to accept all races and genders. They fought for an 8hr work day, = pay for = work, and the end of child labor. They disappeared after the Haymarket affair
Samuel Gompers
The leader of the AFL
AFL
A union that only accepted skilled white workers and used tactics still used today
What things tactics did the AFL use that are still in use today?
Boycotts, collective bargaining, closed shop(have a shop staffed by only union workers), mediation, and strikes
Mary Harris aka :“Mother” Jones
Organized the United Mines Workers and lead the “Children’s March”
Immigrant
Someone who enters a new country permanently
Emigrant
Someone who leaves their home country
Push factors
Taxes, bad gov, no land, fear
Pull factors
Safety, freedom, opportunity, stability
Old Immigrants
Came during the 1600s-1800s, came from N & S Europe(Eng, Fra), Protestant(except Irish Catholic), White, Litterete and Eng speaking, skilled jobs w/ money, similar backgrounds, had connections, assimilated easily, and had many connections
New Immigrants
Came during 1840s- early 1900s, E & S Europeans(Italy, Poland), Catholic, Orthodox, or Jewish, Slovak, Asian(ppl w/ diff physical characteristics), illiterate & non-eng speaking, unskilled workers with little pay, different cultures & backgrounds, refused/struggled to assimilate, had few or no connections
What is this a picture of?
The Statue of Liberty/The New Colossus
Ellis Island vs. Angel Island
Ellis Island: Nicer, on the East coast. Angel Island: Less kind, kept out many Chinese, on the West coast
Why did immigrants establish isolated communities (ghettos) in large cities?
Because they didn’t want to assimilate
What does this political cartoon depict?
A Chinese man being kept out of the US because of his race, while others are allowed in.
What is this a picture of?
Tenements
Why are cities “in crisis” in the Gilded Age?
Overcrowded, sanitation problems, health problems, poverty, crime