Anatomy and Physiology Unit One Review

Flashcards covering key concepts from Anatomy and Physiology Unit One, including definitions, body systems, necessary life functions, directional terms, feedback mechanisms, and medical terminology roots.

What is anatomy?

The study of the structure of the human body.

What is physiology?

The study of the function of human body parts.

What is the difference between histology and cytology?

Histology examines an entire block of tissue, while cytology looks at single cell types.

What is the difference between gross anatomy and microscopic anatomy?

Gross anatomy studies large body structures, while microscopic anatomy studies small cells and tissues.

Define positive feedback and provide examples.

Positive feedback enhances the original stimulus so that the activity is accelerated. Examples include blood clotting and contractions.

Define negative feedback and provide examples.

Negative feedback shuts off or reduces the original stimulus. Examples include temperature regulation and blood sugar control.

What is homeostasis?

Maintaining a stable internal environment.

What is the basic function of the respiratory system?

To take in oxygen and remove carbon dioxide.

What is the basic function of the cardiovascular system?

To transport substances throughout the body.

What is the basic function of the integumentary system?

To cover and protect the body.

What is the basic function of the nervous system?

To control the body.

What is the basic function of the endocrine system?

To regulate the body by secreting hormones.

What is the basic function of the urinary system?

To remove wastes (excretory).

What is the basic function of the digestive system?

To break down food.

What is the basic function of the immune/lymphatic system?

To fight infection, manage blood volume, white blood cells (WBCs), and antibodies.

What is the basic function of the muscular system?

Movement.

What is the basic function of the reproductive system?

To produce offspring.

What is the basic function of the skeletal system?

To provide support and protection.

What are two major organs of the respiratory system?

Lungs, bronchial tubes.

What are two major organs of the cardiovascular system?

Heart, blood vessels.

What are two major organs of the integumentary system?

Skin, hair, nails.

What are two major organs of the nervous system?

Brain, spinal cord, nerves.

What are two major organs of the endocrine system?

Pituitary, pancreas, thyroid.

What are two major organs of the urinary system?

Kidneys and bladder.

What is 'Maintaining Boundaries' as a necessary life function?

Internal organs protected and prevented from drying out (e.g., integumentary system).

What is 'Movement' as a necessary life function?

Moving and manipulating the external environment (e.g., muscular system).

What is 'Response' as a necessary life function?

Ability to sense changes in the environment and respond to them (e.g., nervous and endocrine systems).

What is 'Digestion' as a necessary life function?

Breaking down ingested food (e.g., digestive system).

What is 'Metabolism' as a necessary life function?

All chemical reactions occurring in body cells, including catabolism, anabolism, and cellular respiration.

What is 'Excretion' as a necessary life function?

Removing wastes from the body (e.g., urinary system).

What is 'Reproduction' as a necessary life function?

Producing new offspring (e.g., reproductive system).

What is 'Growth' as a necessary life function?

Increase in size of body part or organism (e.g., endocrine system).

Define 'Medial'.

Toward the midline.

Define 'Lateral'.

Away from the midline.

Define 'Proximal'.

Closer to the origin of a limb (e.g., shoulder, hip).

Define 'Distal'.

Further from the origin of a limb (e.g., hand, foot).

Define 'Intermediate'.

Between medial and lateral.

What is the 'Stimulus' component of a negative feedback loop?

Produces a change in a variable.

What is the 'Receptor' component of a negative feedback loop?

Detects a change.

What is the 'Input' component of a negative feedback loop?

Information sent along an afferent pathway.

What is the 'Output' component of a negative feedback loop?

Information sent along an efferent pathway.

What is the 'Response' component of a negative feedback loop?

Influences the magnitude of the stimulus and returns the variable to homeostasis.

Define 'cardi-' and provide an example.

Heart (e.g., cardiotoxic, toxic to the heart).

Define 'cerebro-' and provide an example.

Brain (e.g., pertaining to the brain and spinal cord).

Define 'arthro-' and provide an example.

Joints (e.g., arthropathy, joint disease).

Define 'angio-' and provide an example.

Vessel (e.g., angiitis, inflammation of lymph vessels).

Define 'carcin-' and provide an example.

Cancer (e.g., carcinogen, cancer-causing).

Define 'hyper-' and provide an example.

Excess (e.g., hypertension, excessive tension).

Define 'hypo-' and provide an example.

Below or deficient (e.g., hypokalemia, potassium low).