Circulatory, Respiratory, Endocrine, Digestive, Nervous, Excretory Systems

Circulatory system

Transport system that connects the organs of exchange with you body cells.

Function of circulatory system

Carries oxygen, nutrients, and hormones to cells, and removes waste products, like carbon dioxide.

Organs and other elements of the Circulatory system/Cardiovascular system

• Heart

• Vessels

• Blood

Heart

• Atria

  • top chambers (right and left, swapped)

• Ventricles

  • bottom chambers (right and left, swapped).

Vessels

• Arteries

  • carries blood away

• Veins

  • brings blood back

• Capillaries

  • where oxygen and nutrients are exchanged for carbon dioxide and waste.

  • thin and small blood vessels

Blood (consists of)

• Plasma (55%)

  • water

  • other dissolved substances

• Cellular elements (45%)

  • red blood cells

  • white blood cells

  • platelets

Red blood cells

• carries oxygen in the hemoglobin

• carry oxygen from the lungs to the entire body

White blood cells

• helps fight diseases

• count is important

Platelets

Works with fibers to stop bleeding in the cell

How the heart pumps to receive oxygen-rich blood to the rest of the body

Blood pumps bringing blood to the rest of the body, and the bringing blood to the lungs. The right side pumps oxygen poor blood to the lungs to bring back oxygen rich blood. The left side pumps oxygen rich blood to the rest of the body.

Respiratory system

Responsible for the process of gas exchange with the enviroment

Respiratory system function

Move fresh air into your body while removing waste gases

Parts involved with the Respiratory system

• nose

  • filter, moisten, and warm the air

  • cilia

• pharynx

  • lead the air

  • intersection

• trachea

  • tissue with cartilage rings tube

• epiglottis

  • covers the trachea when you swallow

• bronchi

  • division of the trachea to direct oxygen

• bronchioles

  • branches of the bronchus

• alveoli air sacs on the broncioles.

Air sacs, alveoli

Exchange CO2 and O2 with blood from thin capillary net

Surrounded by capillaries

Gas Transport

• oxygen (hemoglobin) and carbon dioxide (bicarbonate/carbonic acid)

• 
  The bicarbonate ion pulls the H+ ion out of the hemoglobin in the red blood cells, allowing it to bind with oxygen from the inhaled air in the lungs. The oxygen will then be carried by the hemoglobin back to the body's cells to be used in cellular respiration.

Endocrine system

Long-distance chemical communication that involves hormones and travels through the blood to a target cell. Acts as a master control system for the body responsible for homeostasis.

Function of Endocrine system

Maintain homeostasis, grow, and reproduce. Sends signals to maintain homeostasis, a master control system of the body.

Pancreas function

Regulate blood glucose by releasing insulin or glucagon.

Insulin

• released when blood sugar is high, lowers blood glucose levels.

• helps glucose go into cells.

Glucagon

• released when blood glucose is low, raises blood glucose levels

• tells liver to break glycogen into glucose.

Digestive System

Converts food into small molecules that can be used by the cells of the body.

Phases of food being processed

1. Ingestion

2. Digestion

3. Absorption

4. Elimination

Methods of Digestion

• Mechanical

  • physically make smaller

• Chemical

  • enzymes breaks bonds

Oral Cavity

• mainly mechanical digestion

• some chemical digestion

  • starch

  • salivary glands

Pharynx

• epiglottis

  • prevents food from entering your lungs

Esophagus

• peristalsis

  • pushes the food down

Stomach

• some digestion

  • protein

• acidic

Small intestine

• main area of digestion and absorption

• villi, fingerlike projections

  • increase surface area.

Large Intestine

• absorbs water

• removal of waste

Accessory Organs: Digestive system

• Liver

  • produces bile

  • dissolves lipids

• Pancreas

  • digestion of nutrients in small intestine

  • produces and bicarbonate

    • base for small intestine to neutralize acid

Thermoregulation

Adjusting the rate of heat exchange from a high to low concentration

Vasodilation

Your blood vessels expand, and more blood goes through and releases more heat.

• when you’re hot

Vasoconstriction

Your blood vessels tighten, conserves heat

• when you’re cold

Sweating

Cooling by evaporated heat loss

Shivering

Muscle activity that generates heat and warms the body

Nervous System

Collects information from the internal and external environment, processed the information, and responds.

Nervous System Function

Carries messages by electrical signals

Nueron

Nerve cell

Parts:

• dendrites

• cell body

• axon

Types:

• sensory

• motor

• interneurons

Peripheral Nervous System

• transmits information to and from the central nervous system

• regulates the internal environment

Central Nervous System

• processes and creates a response

• brain and spinal cord

How Signals work

Your brain reads signals from your nerves to regulate how you think, move, and feel

Excretory System and Function

Responsible for eliminating metabolic waste

Skin: Excretory System

Excretes excess water, salts, and a small amount of urea

Lungs: Excretory System

Excretes carbon dioxide

Liver: Excretory System

Converts dangerous nitrogenous(CO2, NAH3) waste into urea

Kidneys: Excretory System

• Filters out waste from the blood

• Reabsorbs useful substances

Ureter: Excretory System

Transports urine from kidney to bladder

Bladder: Excretory System

Stores urine

Urethra: Excretory System

Releases urine from the body

Respiratory - Excretory Interaction

The respiratory system breathes out CO2 waste from the body

Respiratory- Circulatory Interaction

Circulatory system brings blood to the alveoli and capillaries to exchange CO2 and O2 for body usage

Circulatory- Endocrine Interaction

Endocrine system sends chemicals signals through the bloodstream (circulatory carries through the body)

Feedback

A response within a system (molecule, cell, organism, or population) that influences the continued activity or productivity of that system. Sends signals to create responses.

Making Connections Lab Overview

Control Group : Making Connections Lab

• pulse rates before exercise

• times clothes pins squeezed first time

Dependant Variable: Making Connections Lab

• pulse rate

• times clothes pins squeezed

Independent Variable: Making Connections Lab

• exercising before

• doing the experiment before or not

Experimental Group: Making Connections Lab

• exercised before recording the pulse rate

• doing the experimentH for the second time

Hypothesis: Making Connections Lab

• If we test both groups, then the group exercising before will have a higher pulse rate because the blood needs to be pumped more since the body needs more oxygen.

• If we test both groups, then the group that only tested once will have been able to squeeze the clothing pin more because the second group would have gotten muscle fatigue from waste and lactic acid build-up and energy stores being used.

Results: Making Connections Lab

• The exercise groups pulse rate was higher than the group without exercise.

• The group doing the experiment twice could not squeeze the pin as many times.

Dynamic Equilibrium

When the forward and reverse processes occur at the same rate, resulting in no observable change in the system

Homeostasis

A self-regulating process by which biological systems maintain stability while adjusting to changing external conditions

Feedback Mechanism

Regulation system in a living body that works to return the body to its normal internal state, or commonly known as homeostasis

Stimulus

Something that triggers an event

Signal

A method of communicating information between things

Response

Something you do after an event

Negative Feedback

The response will reserve or cause the opposite of the original stimulus. off/on

metabolic/ metabolism

The whole sum of reactions that occur throughout the body within each cell and that provide the body with energy

Insulin

A hormone released when blood sugar is high, lowers blood glucose.

Glycogen

Form of glucose that is a main energy source and is stored in your body.

Hormone

Chemical substances that act like messenger molecules in the body

Target cell/organ

Body organ or cell that comprises receptors on which the hormone act

Reflex Arc

A neural pathway that mediates or controls the reflex reaction of the body

Control

An element that remains unchanged or unaffected by other variables

Control Group

A group in the experiment which a variable is not being tested

Dependent Variable

What you measure in the experiment and what is affected during the experiment

Independent Variable

The variable that is manipulated during an experiment

Experimental Group

The group that receives the variable being tested in an experiment

Hypothesis

An educated guess as to what will happen during your experiment

Results

The outcomes of experiments, observations, or research studies