AP Psych - Unit 6

Concrete Operational Stage

Stage of cognitive development (from about 6 or 7 to 11 years of age) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events

Lawrence Kohlberg

Studied how children develop morality and moral reasoning. Theory suggests that moral development occurs in a series of six stages.

Marriage bonds are most likely to endure when couple...

engage in more positive than negative interactions with each other

Most abusive parents report that...

they were also abused or neglected as a child

Piaget studied how children think, know, and remember...Together these things are referred to as

Cognitive development

When do physical abilities peak

Early-twenties

Our sensitivities to peer influence is genetically predisposed because it has facilitated the process of mating displays what type of perspective?

Evolutionary perspective

Temperament

a person's characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity

Adolescents and parents are most likely to agree on \___________________ and disagree on \______________

religion and education; music and clothing

Self-concept

all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves; starts at age 12

Maladaptive habits learned in childhood can be overcome in adulthood are most directly relevant to the issue of...

Stability and change

Conventional Stage of Morality

Uphold laws and rules to gain social approval or maintain social order

Impact on visual impairment that go unfixed until age 5

How we observe the world around us

Normal healthy newborns have \_________________ the brain cells they will have

All

The conflicting results of cross-sectional and longitudinal studies of aging and intelligence are of greatest relevance to the issue of...

Stability and change

Stability of personality traits is greater among...

adults

Association areas are the last cortical areas to fully develop their...

neural networks

Concept of maturation is most relevant to understanding the absence of...

bladder control amongst 2 year olds

Accomodation

adapting one's current understandings (schemas) and applying that into their everyday life

Theory of Mind

ability to understand and take into account another individual's mental state

Attachment

an emotional tie with another person; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress on separation

By manipulating a single gene, scientists have been able to control sexual orientation in...

fruit flies

As men age, they experience a \_____________________ in testosterone

decrease

Egocentrism is to conservation as the \____________________ stage is to the \______________________________ stage

preoperational; concrete

How do kids develop basic trust according to Erikson?

As an infant, their needs are dependably met

Pruning in regards to language development

eliminates synapses

Learning to delay gratification promotes

moral action

zygote

a fertilized egg with 100 cells that becomes increasingly diverse

Erikson's stage - integrity

fully accepting oneself and coming to terms with the death "integrity vs. despair"

insecure attachment

the attachment style for a minority of infants; the infant may exhibit insecure attachment through various behaviors, such as avoiding contact with the caregiver, or by alternating between approach and avoidance behaviors

social roles assigned to men and women are \_________ across cultures

differ

infantile amnesia

the inability to retrieve memories from before age 3

habituation

decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation; as infants gain familiarity with repeated exposure to a visual stimulus, their interest wanes and they look away sooner

Does teen pregnancy happen more or less often when there is a father figure

less

Do infants have well defined critical periods when it comes to mother/infancy attachment immediately after birth

no

sexual orientation

a person's sexual identity in relation to the gender to which they are attracted

attachment

an emotional tie with another person; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress on separation

authoritative parents

demanding but responsive to their children

Why can't people remember the first few months of their lives

our brains are not fully developed (not until 3-3.5 years old); lack language skills

Piaget underestimates what when it comes to cognitive development

continuity; believed it was more of a rigid process but it's actually a sliding scale

secure attachment

a relationship in which an infant obtains both comfort and confidence from the presence of his or her caregiver

teratogen

chemicals or viruses that can enter the placenta and harm the developing fetus (drugs, alcohol, virus)

aerobic exercise in late adulthood boosts \___________

memory

symptoms of fetal alcohol syndrome

low body weight, poor coordination, hyperactive behavior, difficulty with attention, poor memory, difficulty in school (especially with math), learning disabilities, speech and language delays

repeated learning experiences seem to

strengthen neural connections

Egocentrism

in Piaget's theory, the preoperational child's difficulty taking another's point of view

a mom smokes heavily during her pregnancy, her baby is likely to be

delivered early and exposed to chemicals and addiction

babies with intense and highly reactive temperament tend to be

insecure - irritable and unpredictable

In infants, Piaget underestimated

children's cognitive capacity

formal operational stage

in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (normally beginning about age 12) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts

gender typing

The process of developing the behaviors, thoughts, and emotions associated with a particular gender.

schema

a conceptual framework a person uses to make sense of the world

imprinting

any kind of phase-sensitive learning (learning occurring at a particular age or a particular life stage) that is rapid and apparently independent of the consequences of behavior; attachment

who's the most popular kid in 5th grade?

the tallest kid on the basketball team

Trends in Asian v Western cultures

Western - independent

Asian - interdependent

Gender gap in aggression is unlikely to contribute to..

Spreading rumors about another person