Exam 2 study guide // CH 4-7

Cells Pt 1

3 parts of the basic cell
* Cell membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm
Principles of cell theory
  * All living things are made of cells
  * Cells = basic unit of life
  * Cells arise from pre-existing cells (not spontaneous generation as previously thought)
  * Hereditary info is passed from cell (DNA)
  * All cells have the basic chemical composition (carbs, proteins, lipids, etc.)
  * Energy flow occurs within cells (metabolism)
Cell membrane function
* Separates insides of cell from the outside environment. Dictates what passes through the cell
Defining characteristic for difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
* Prokaryotes don’t have a nucleus, eukaryotes do have a nucleus
What do ribosomes do
* Synthesize proteins
Structure bacteria use during bacterial conjugation
* pili
Label on prokaryotic cell: flagella, nucleoid, cell membrane
*
Antoni van Leeuwenhoek
* Father of microbiology, made a microscope, discovered cells

Lecture: Cells Part 2

Know the function of the endomembrane system (you don’t have to know the steps)
* modifies, transports, and packages proteins and lipids in the cell
Know which cell junctions are found in animal cells and plant cells
* Animals: tight junctions, adhering junctions, gap junctions
* Plants: plasmodesmata
Know the different structures cells use to move
* Motor proteins, cilia, pseudopods
Terms to know:
* Exocytosis: moving something inside the cell to outside
* ATP (cell currency): produces energy

Lecture: Intro to Metabolism

Know difference in chemical, kinetic, and potential energy
  * Chemical- energy stored in chemical bonds
  * Kinetic - energy of motion
  * Potential - stored energy related to something’s position
Know difference in autotrophs and heterotrophs
* Autotrophs - make their own food using the sun’s energy; producers
* Heterotrophs - don’t make their own food, eat others for energy; consumers
Know the first two laws of thermodynamics
* Energy can’t be created or destroyed. Energy tends to disperse.
Know difference in exergonic and endergonic reactions
* Ex - energy releasing, spontaneous
* End - energy consuming, needs energy
Terms to know:
  * Catabolism - destroys; breaking down glucose from food to form ATP. Uses and Produces energy
  * Anabolism - builds; building proteins using amino acids. Uses energy
  * Metabolism - chemical reactions in body’s cells that change food into energy
  * Energy - ability to do work; ability to cause some kind of change
  * activation energy - minimum amount of energy needed to start a chemical reaction

Lecture: Enzymes and Membranes

Know that enzymes are reusable and coenzymes are not
Know where catalysis occurs on enzymes
* The active site
Know difference in linear and cyclic pathways
* Linear is reaction to reaction and it ends. Cyclic is reaction to reaction where the last reactions starts the reactions again
Know difference in
  * receptor proteins - Trigger change in cellular activity in response to stimuli
  * adhesion proteins - Fasten cell’s membranes together
  * transport proteins - Transports substances across lipid bilayer
  * Enzymes - Catalyzes reactions at membrane
Know difference in active and passive use of transport proteins
* Active requires energy to move across membrane, goes against gradient differences. Passive doesn’t require input to happen
Terms to know:
  * Phosphorylation - donates phosphate group to enzyme which donates to reaction
  * Diffusion - spontaneous spreading of molecules or atoms through a fluid or gas
  * Catalysis - Speeds up reactions
  * Osmosis - the movement of fluid across membranes

Lecture: Sunlight

Know where photosynthesis occurs in eukaryotic cells
* Chloroplasts, thylakoid, stroma
Know that light with wavelength of 380-750nm is visible light
Know that different colors come from different wavelengths of light
Know that photon energy is inverse to wavelength
Know what pigment gives plants their green color
* Chlorophyll a
Terms to know: photon
* A particle of light
People to know: Theodor Engelmann
* Discovered sunlight is driver for photosynthesis, hypothesized color of light affects photosynthesis; blue and red are best for driving photosynthesis

Lecture: Light - dependent reactions

Know where light-dependent reactions take place
* Thylakoid membrane
Know what types of light-dependent reactions use which photosystems
* Cyclic light dependent reactions use PSI and noncyclic light dependent reactions uses PSI and PSII
Know what flows through ATP synthase to trigger phosphorylation
* Hydrogen ions
Know the products of both types of light-dependent reactions
* Cyclic produces ATP
* Noncyclic produces ATP, NADPH, and Oxygen
Terms to know: carbon fixation
* taking carbon atoms from inorganic molecules (CO₂) to attach them to organic molecules (sugar)

Lecture: Light - independent reactions

Know product of light-independent reactions
* Sugars (glucose)
Know where light-dependent reactions occur
* stroma
Know what enzyme starts the Calvin Cycle
* Rubsico
Know most molecules of PGAL are recycled back into the Calvin Cycle
Know difference in
  * C3 - fixes carbon once, both stages of photosynthesis run during the day, stomata are closed during the day, 85% of modern plants
  * C4 - closes stomata during the day, fixes carbon twice, 3% of modern plants
  * CAM plants - fixes carbon twice, stomata open at night, desert plants, 12% of modern plants

Lecture: Intro to Cell Respiration

Know how oxygen negatively affected the earth
* Oxygen was toxic, it polluted the air. Great oxidation event - give rise to multicellularity
Know oxidative stress
* Free radicals accumulating and stopping the mitochondria from functioning, damages tissues.
Terms to know:
  * Aerobic - can live in the presence of oxygen
  * Anaerobic - without oxygen
  * Antioxidants - minimize damage caused by oxygen

Lecture: Aerobic cell respiration

Know where glycolysis occurs
* cytoplasm
Know the product of glycolysis
* Produces ATP by converting glucose to pyruvate
Know what oxygen does in electron transfer phosphorylation
* O₂ accepts electrons from transfer chain and other H+. creates H₂O

Lecture: Anaerobic cell respiration

Know the product of alcoholic and lactate fermentation
* Alcoholic fermentation converts glucose into ethyl alcohol
* Lactate fermentation converts glucose into lactate
Know why fermentation is less efficient than aerobic respiration
* It doesn’t fully break down glucose and only produces 2 molecules of ATP vs aerobic respiration producing 36 molecules of ATP