Psych | Unit 1 - Terms

idea that knowledge comes from experience.

scientific knowledge = ^^observation and experimentation^^

empiricism

used ^^introspection^^ to reveal the structure of the human mind

structuralism

explored how mental and behavioral processes work

functionalism

american psychological association

APA

the view that psychology should be 1) an ^^objective science,^^ 2) study ^^behavior^^ without referencing mental processes

behaviorism

how the ^^unconscious^^ mind and childhood influence behavior

psychoanalytic

emphasized human ^^growth and potential^^

humanistic

the study of ^^mental processes^^

cognitive psychology

cognitive psychology + neuroscience

cognitive neuroscience

the science of behavior and mental processes

psychology

principle that traits that best help ^^organism survive^^ will be passed down to future ^^generations^^

natural selection

how humans are ^^alike^^ because of common biology & evolutionary history

evolutionary psychology

how humans ^^differ^^ because of differing genes and environments

behavior genetics

enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted across generations

culture

w: Western

E: Educated

I: Industrialized

R: Rich

D: Democratic

WEIRD cultures

study of ^^human flourishing^^

positive psychology

bio, psycho, and social-cultural viewpoints

biopsychosocial

studies how ^^unconscious^^ drives and ^^personality^^ influence behavior

psychodynamic psychology

study of how ^^situations and cultures^^ affect ^^thinking^^ and ^^behavior^^

social-cultural behavior

specific ^^small group/person^^ of interest used to study unusual behavior

case study

observe people/behavior in a ^^naturally occurring setting^^, no manipulation/control

naturalistic observations

statement of exact procedures used in a study

operational definition

repeating a study with different participants

replication

causation

correlation does not equal

a measure of the extent to which ^^2 factors coexist^^ and ^^predict^^ each other

correlation

^^statistical index^^ of the relationship between two things

positive correlation= +1.00

no correlation= 0

negative correlation= -1.00

correlation coefficient

^^perceiving a relationship^^ where ^^none^^/only a small one exists

illusory correlation

^^factors^^ (ind. variable) ^^manipulated^^, effect (dep. variable) is ^^observed^^

experiment

^^manipulated^^ by the experimenter

independent variable

changes because of the in. variable, is ^^measured/observed^^ by the researcher

dependent variable

receives treatment

experimental group

doesn’t receive treatment

control group

experimental and control groups chosen by ^^chance^^

random assignment

both participants and researchers ^^don’t know^^ who got drug/placebo

double-blind procedure

a factor not being studied that could ^^influence results^^ of an ^^experiment^^

confounding variable

the extent to which a test/experiment ^^measures/predicts^^ what it’s ^^supposed to^^

validity

a third thing ^^causes a correlation^^ between two things (ice cream, summer, and murders)

third variable problem

establish cause and effect

the experimental method is the only method that can

^^numerical^^ data, measures/describes ^^characteristics of groups^^

what the data looks like

(central tendency and variation)

descriptive statistics

^^bar graph^^ depicting a frequency distribution

histogram

the most ^^frequently occuring scores^^ in a distribution

mode

the ^^average^^; all scores added together and then divided by the number of scores

mean

the ^^middle score^^/the midpoint

median

data is not symmetrical

skewed distribution

how ^^similar or diverse^^ the scores are

variation

difference (gap, ^^subtraction^^) between the ^^highest and lowest^^ scores

range

^^computed^^ measure of how many ^^scores vary^^ around the mean score

standard deviation

diverse scores

high standard deviation means…

similar scores

low standard deviation means…

symmetrical ^^bell-shaped^^ curve that many data sets follow

normal curve

numerical data that allows one to ^^generalize/infer^^ the ^^probability^^ of something about the ^^general population.^^ the ^^conclusions^^ that can be made from the data

inferential statistics

statistical statement of how likely it is that a result is by ^^chance^^ (less than ^^5%^^ likely)

statistical significance

in statistical significance, how likely a statement is to be by chance

p value

examination of one’s own thoughts and feelings

introspection

the ^^simplest explanation^^ is better than a complex one (^^easier to verify^^)

occam’s razor

collect data from different individuals all at the ^^same time^^

cross sectional research

collect data over ^^long period of time^^ (follow a child from ^^birth to adulthood^^)

longitudinal research