Grade 12 Kinesiology - 1.1 Principles & Terminology of Kinesiology

Human Anatomy

study of the structures that make up the human body and how they relate to each other

Physiology

basic processes of the body and how they occur in the body

Structure determines ________.

function

Anatomical Position

the standard way the human body is shown

Anatomical Position Standards

1. standing erect

2. facing forward

3. arms to the side, palms facing forward, thumbs turned outward

4. legs straight

5. heels, feet and great toes parallel to each other

Anterior

towards the front of the body

Posterior

towards the back of the body

Anterior vs Posterior

Anterior: towards the front of the body

Posterior: towards the back of the body

Superior

above

Inferior

below

Superior vs Inferior

Superior: above

Inferior: below

Superficial

on or close to the surface of the body

Deep

farther away from the surface of the body

Superficial vs Deep

Superficial: on or close to the surface of the body

Deep: farther away from the surface of the body

Lateral

away from the midline of the body

Medial

towards the midline of the body

Lateral vs Medial

Lateral: away from the midline of the body

Medial: towards the midline of the body

Proximal

closer to a specific region

Distal

further from a specific region

Proximal vs Distal

Proximal: closer to a specific region

Distal: further from a specific region

Supine

lying on the back

Prone

lying on the front

Supine vs Prone

Supine: lying on the back

Prone: lying on the front

Planes

imaginary flat surfaces that divide the body

Median Plane

bisects the body into left and right halves

Sagittal Plane

any plane parallel to the median plane

Frontal Plane

bisects the body into front and back sections

Transverse Plane

bisects the body into top and bottom halves

Center of Gravity

the point where the median, frontal, and transverse planes all intersect

True or False: The taller someone is, the lower their center of gravity will be.

True

Longitudinal Axis

north-south

Horizontal Axis

east-west

Antero-Posterior Axis

front-to-back

Flexion

reduces the angle between two bones at a joint

Extension

increases the angle between two bones at a joint

Flexion vs Extension

Flexion: reduces the angle between two bones at a joint

Extension: increases the angle between two bones at a joint

In what plane does flexion-extension movement occur?

sagittal plane

Abduction

moving a segment of the body away from the midline of the body

Adduction

moving a segment of the body toward the midline of the body

Abduction vs Adduction

Abduction: moving a segment of the body away from the midline of the body

Adduction: moving a segment of the body toward the midline of the body

In what plane does abduction-adduction movement occur?

frontal plane

Circumduction

a cone of movement that does not include rotation

Circumduction occurs when _______-_________ movements are combined with _________-_________ movements.

flexion-extension, adduction-abduction

Internal (Medial) Rotation

rotation of a limb inwardly or towards the midline of the body

External (Lateral) Rotation

rotation of a limb outwardly or away from the midline of the body

Internal (Medial) Rotation vs External (Lateral) Rotation

Internal (Medial) Rotation: rotation of a limb inwardly or towards the midline

External (Lateral) Rotation: rotation of a limb outwardly or away from the midline

In what axis does internal (medial) rotation-external (lateral) rotation occur?

longitudinal axis

Pronation

when the palm is moved and faced posteriorly

Supination

when the palm is moved and faced anteriorly

Pronation vs Supination

Pronation: when the palm is moved and faced posteriorly

Supination: when the palm is moved and faced anteriorly

Inversion

when the sole of the foot is turned inward toward the medial line of the body

Eversion

when the sole of the foot is turned outward away from the medial line of the body

Inversion vs Eversion

Inversion: when the sole of the foot is turned inward toward the medial line of the body

Eversion: when the sole of the foot is turned outward away from the medial line of the body

Dorsiflexion

bringing the top of the foot toward the lower leg or shin

Plantar Flexion

“planting” the foot or pointing your toes straight down

Dorsiflexion vs Plantar Flexion

Dorsiflexion: bringing the top of the foot toward the lower leg or shin

Plantar Flexion: “planting” the foot or pointing your toes straight down

Elevation

a movement in a superior (upwards) motion

Depression

a movement in an inferior (downwards) motion

Elevation vs Depression

Elevation: a movement moving in a superior (upwards) motion

Depression: a movement moving in an inferior (downwards) motion

Protraction

moving in an anterior (forward) direction

Retraction

moving in a posterior (backwards) direction

Protraction vs Retraction

Protraction: moving in an anterior (forward) direction

Retraction: moving in a posterior (backwards) direction

Opposition

occurs when the thumb meets one of the other fingers

Reposition

when the thumb is returned to its anatomical position

Opposition vs Reposition

Opposition: occurs when the thumb meets one of the other fingers

Reposition: when the thumb is returned to its anatomical position