Unit 3 Review: Joint and Muscle Anatomy

Vocabulary flashcards covering key terms and concepts related to joint and muscle anatomy.

Synarthrosis

A type of joint with no movement.

Amphiarthrosis

A type of joint that allows limited movement.

Diarthrosis

A type of joint that permits substantial movement.

Fibrous joints

Joints made of fibrous connective tissue, including sutures, syndesmoses, and gomphosis.

Cartilaginous joints

Joints made of hyaline or fibrous cartilage, including synchondrosis and symphysis.

Synovial joints

Joints characterized by a fluid-filled articular capsule, including articular cartilage, synovial fluid, and ligaments.

Bursae

Connective tissue pads that reduce wear on bones, muscles, tendons, and skin.

Flexion

Bending a joint, reducing the angle between bones.

Extension

Straightening a joint, increasing the angle between bones.

Abduction

Moving a limb away from the body.

Adduction

Moving a limb towards the body.

Circumduction

Moving the distal end of a limb in a circular motion.

Pronation

Turning the forearm so that the palm faces down.

Supination

Turning the forearm so that the palm faces up.

Dorsiflexion

Rotating the foot upwards.

Plantar flexion

Rotating the foot downwards.

Inversion

Rotating the foot inward.

Eversion

Rotating the foot outward.

Tropomyosin

A regulatory protein that blocks the binding sites on actin filaments when calcium ions are absent.

Tetanic contraction

A continuous, forceful contraction of muscle fibers.

Sarcopenia

Age-related loss of muscle mass and function.

Hypertrophy

Increase in muscle mass due to increased myofibril size.

Tension

The force generated when a muscle contracts.

Creatine phosphate

A molecule in muscle cells that quickly converts to ATP for immediate energy.

Aerobic respiration

A process that generates ATP in the presence of oxygen, efficient but slower.

Anaerobic glycolysis

A fast, less efficient method of producing ATP without oxygen.

Functional syncytium

A term describing the coordinated contraction of cardiac muscle cells through gap junctions.

Pacemaker cells

Specialized cells in the heart that generate action potentials and set the rhythm of heartbeat.

Hyperplasia

The process of regeneration in smooth muscle whereby new muscle cells are created.

Visceral muscle

Another name for single-unit smooth muscle found in visceral organs.

Multi-unit muscle

Smooth muscle made of individual units that allows for fine control, found in blood vessels and eyes.