South Africa - common mistakes

Dutch set up base in Cape Town

1652

The Great Trek

1830s and 1840s

Union of South Africa

1910

hut tax imposed

1899

Evidence government was becoming richer from mining

Transvaal income around 3 million rand in late 1800s

Segregation of land before 1949

Natives land act in 1913 banned share-cropping, and restricted land that black people could own to 7%

Law passed controlling African matters, separated in law from others

native administration act 1921

Law meaning black people couldn’t vote

Representation of Natives act 1936

Tax of Indians - when and response

1913, stay at home protests, involved 5,000 miners

ICU resistance when

1919 - black dockworkers went on strike for wage increase

Miners taking part in the 1946 African Mineworkers strike

73,000 and 9 killed

What were SANLAM and SANTAM

Afrikaaner own financial institutions

What was Volkcapitalisme

A fund to help economically advance poor Afrikaners

OB membership in 1929

300,000 members

How many were arrested because of pass laws in 1962

380,000

Statistic showing influx control failure

no. of black people in urban areas rose from 2.3 million to 3.4 million in the 50s

How many marched in the Women’s march of 1956

20,000 - led by Lilian Ngoyi

What did Verwoerd promise at the start of his leadership

SA would be an all-white country by 1978

Law that established the Bantustans

Bantu Self Government Act in 1959

How much money did the Tomlinson report say needed to be invested into the Bantustans

£104 million

increase in population of the Bantustans

from 1960-80 - population grew from 4.4 to 11 million

statistic for poverty in the homelands

in 1983 80% were in poverty

statistic showing the cost of the Bantustans on the government

they were subsidising bus fares, costing them 1,000 per commuter per year

when was the PAC launched

1959

organisations and people arrested in 1977

banned 18 organisations, and arrested 70 African leaders

Government response to Sharpeville

unlawful organisations act, and arrested 18,000 people

statistic on MK attacks

by around 1963, 200 acts of sabotage had been carried out

Black Consciousness Convention and Biko

Biko worked for them in 1972, they set up self-help projects for poor black people

no. of African workers in Durban

165,000

how many students took part in the Soweto uprising

15,000

UN condemning SA’s occupation of Namibia

in 1971 they declared the occupation illegal and ordered SA forces to leave Namibia, but Vorster refused

MK attacks during the 80s

1982 - sabotage attack on the Koeberg nuclear power station

1983 - bomb attack on intelligence hq of the SA air force

statistic on the SADF

by 1981 they had over 250,000 members

acts passed as part of Botha’s military strategy

Inquests amendment act (deaths in detention couldn’t be reported on), police amendment act (police brutality allegations banned)

petty apartheid reforms by botha

mixed marriages abolished, parks and shops desegregated, pass laws relaxed then abolished in 86, and influx control relaxed

statistic for decrease in support of the NP

in the 1987 elections, 37% of Afrikaners didn’t support the NP

women’s opposition movements

1964 - African Self-help association formed. established day-cares and children’s feeding programmes

1975 - Black Women’s federation formed - only black membership, worked rurally in cites, held classes to help women reach potential and educate them. wanted to establish industries but banned in 1977

how many UDF members detained under the state of emergency

25,000

how many killed in the funeral march

21

Stats of increased opposition 1986-89

1986 - necklacing peaked at around 300, double the number of strikes than the previous year

1987 - 6 million work days lost to strikes

1988 - COSATU launched the biggest strike, 70% of manufacturing workers

1989 - barely any rent was paid

Coup in 1987

Bantu Holomisa - took control of Transkei in a coup

SA outskilled by Cuban forces in Angola and retreated

1988, and agreed to begin negotiations for a free Namibia

De Klerk’s actions in 1990

Speech with all the changes, withdrew army from Namibia (agreement with Reagan and Gorbachev), NP became non-racial

Peaceful march in 1990

protesting high rent in Sebokeng - police fired and killed 14

Stats on effect of AWM bombing on black taxi ranks and hotels

2 killed

Boipatong - how many killed

46, mainly women and children

Mass action in 1992

ANC, SACP and COSATU organised 48-hour strike, and 100,000 marched on the Union building

how many killed by Gqozo

30

who was chosen to lead the constitutional assembly

cyril ramaphosa

RDP plans for houses

1 million in 5 years, affordable shelter for all by 2003

RDP aims for education

10 years free and compulsory education, fewer than 40 pupils in a class by 2000

RDP aims for jobs

400,000 new jobs created in 5 years

growth in people in poverty

17 to 21 million 94-99

first diagnosed case of aids in SA

1982

SA football team helped AIDs awareness campaign

wore red ribbons to appearances in Africa Cup of Nations - 1996

rapes reported in 1999

52,000, only 3,500 brought to trial

pass rate drop for African pupils

40% to 35%

The 3 laws passed to segregate before 1948 and when

1913 - Native Land’s act, banned sharecropping and restricted black people’s land to 7%

1921 - Native administration act

1936 - Representation of Natives Act. Black people couldn’t vote and men had to carry passes

Trade union resistance before 1948

Industrial and commercial set up in 1919, first successful black trade union.

1919 - strike of black dockworkers, successful in causing a wage increase

1920s - had 100,000 members

Indian National Congress resistance

1906 - Gandhi organised peaceful resistance, mass arrests and overwhelmed the government, in response to Transvaal wanting to restrict Indian rights

1913 - Gandhi organised stay-at-home protests to the Tax of Indians. 5,000 miners and 15,000 sugar planters

1945 - in response to Ghetto Act in 1945, mass and non-violence resistance

Evidence of increasing resistance during WW2

Number of strikes rose from 24 to 63 from 1940 to 1943

What organisation organised the celebration of the Great Trek

‘FAK’ - federation of Afrikaner culture

How many members did the OB have in 1929

300,000

Malan’s different promises to different groups of people

Intellectuals - SA would be white under Afrikaner rule and black people sent to reserves

White industrialists - promised ‘flexible apartheid’, black people would be able to temporarily work in cities

White farmers - promised a supply of cheap black labour

Effect of Group Areas Act

3.5 million people had to leave their homes from 1951 to 1986, only 2% white. District 6 was an area of Cape Town where 60,000 coloured people were forced out

Effect of Bantu Education Act and when

1953 - 8 times more spent on white children than black children

Effect of Native laws amendment act / pass laws

1962 - around 380,000 arrested for pass-related offences

How many arrested in the treason trial and how long did it last

156, and from 1956 to 1961

What laws did Verwoerd pass when he came to power, what year

1959: Extension of universities act - banned non-whites from previously non-segregated universities, new ones set up

Bantu Self-government act - created the Bantustans

What did the Tomlinson report calculate about how much of the population the Bantustans could hold

Only 2/5 of the black population

Stat showing failure of Bantustans in forcing black people to move to them

Number of black people doubled in the cities by the 1980s

78% of people meant to be living in QwaQwa actually lived there

Stat showing corruption of Bantustan leaders

Leader of Transkei - Kaiser Manthamzima - tried to create a black-middle class that relied on him.

1970 - Transkei officials earned 12,000 rand a year compared to the 2,000 of a resident

How many died being detained under the Terrorism Act of 1967

80

What laws did Vorster introduce

1967 - Terrorism act

1968 - separate representation of voters act. Abolished the last 4 parliamentary seats that were held for white representatives of coloured voters

When was the general laws amendment act and what did it mean

1963

Government could institute a 90-180 day detention without trial

What did the SA institute of race relations report in May 1977

That 617 Africans died by violence since 1976

Stat showing government increasing crackdown in 1977

Banned 18 organisations and arrested 70

African leaders

Impact of Sharpeville on the government

Investors took money out of South Africa

Had to impose currency restrictions

They declared a state of emergency in 83 magisterial districts

Arrested 18,000 people

Voluntary arms embargo against SA

1963

Nobel peace prizes awarded and when

1960 - Albert Lithuli

1984 - Demond Tutu

1993 - Nelson Mandela and de Klerk

Increase in strikes after the legalisation of trade unions

1960s around 2,000 Africans went on strike per year, jumped to 90,000 in 1980s

1974 around 14,000 days lost to strikes, rose to 350,000 by 1982

How many joined MK to train as guerillas after Soweto

14,000

Military spending increase due to ARMSCOR

200 million to 3000 million rand, from 1974 to 1981

Military presence in Angola and Namibia during Botha

Supported anti-government rebels in Angola, keeping civil war between them and MPLA (backed by communists)

Extensive military campaign to eliminate SWAPO in Namibia

What were the different reports and their impact on reforms

1979 Wiehahn report - trade unions

1979 Riekart report - living in cities

1981 Lange report - schools

Urban foundation

aimed to build new houses in townships and the black middle class was focused on in adverts

Vaal triangle

1984

Stats on deaths during Vaal triangle uprising

Over 4 months, 140 died

Evidence of decreasing white support for the NP

In 1987 37% of Afrikaners didn’t support the NP

Stat for increased student resistance

1980-81 - nearly 100,000 students boycotted classes

Desmond Tutu became general secretary of the South African council of churches

1978

State-employed forces who were hired to sow violence

Kitskonstabels and Witdoeke

Witdoeke killed around 60 and destroyed the homes of 60,000

Government response to increased protests in the late 1980s

Bombed COSATU headquarters

COSATU, AZAPO, UDF and others were banned