M11 Heirarchy and obedience

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Why are social groups important to us?

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source of pride, self-esteem, and sense of belonging

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What three stages do we move through during the cognitive process of grouping?

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  1. categorization

  2. Identification

  3. Comparison

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39 Terms

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Why are social groups important to us?

source of pride, self-esteem, and sense of belonging

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What three stages do we move through during the cognitive process of grouping?

  1. categorization

  2. Identification

  3. Comparison

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What happens to your perception of a group's characteristics when they are not a group with which you identify?

tend to think more negatively of the outgroup or find negative characteristics

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What are the benefits and negative aspects of working in groups and making decisions

Benefits

  • generate new ideas and solutions

  • notice and correct mistakes

  • better collective memory

  • increase data

Negative

  • outcome bias

  • group think

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What is the difference between informative and normative social influence?

Informative: we look at others whom we believe to be correct, to provide information in novel or ambiguous context situations

Normative: we conform with others because we think that they will approve and accept through affirmation

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What areas of the brain are most active under normative social influence?

insula, hippocampus, caudate, medial PFC

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What three factors have the greatest impact on compliance?

Authority

Social

Rapport

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Describe three common techniques used to get people to comply.

Door in the face

Foot in the door

Low ball

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How does your brain react to disobeying "peer" or "expert" advice when you are part of the ingroup providing the advice

internal conflict stress and fear of exclusion

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Social categorization

understand and identify person and social environment

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Stereotype

A widely held but oversimplified belief about a group of people, often passed through culture.

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Ingroup favoritism

Preferring and giving special treatment to members of your own group.

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Outgroup negativity

Distrusting or disliking people from groups different from your own.

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Ingroup derogation

Criticizing or devaluing members of your own group, often to align with a dominant group.

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Entitativity

perception, by the group member or by others, that the people together are in a group

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Ingroup / outgroup

Ingroup: identifies as a member

Outgroup: where we don’t identify with them

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Social identity theory

The idea that people define themselves by their group memberships, affecting behavior and self-worth.

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Outgroup homogeneity

Believing members of another group are all the same, while seeing your own group as diverse.

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Black sheep effect

strong devaluation of ingroup members who threaten the positive image and the identity of the ingroup

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Pre- / proscriptive norms

Cultural rules telling us what we should do (prescriptive) and what we should not do (proscriptive).

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Injunctive norms

Beliefs about what behaviors are approved or disapproved by society.

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Groupthink

When the desire for group agreement leads to poor decisions, ignoring alternatives or dissent.

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Compliance / obedience

Compliance: means of social influence to act accordingly with a request or group pressure

Obedience: change in behavior or attitude in response to an authoritative order or coercion

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Conformity

Changing behavior or beliefs to match those of a group, often to fit in or avoid conflict.

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Influence

The ability to affect how others think, feel, or act through social or cultural pressure

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Authoritarianism

personality dimension that characterizes people who prefer to be simple rather than complex and who tend to hold traditional and conservative values (need to self-enhance, threaten position, increase prejudice, decrease humanization)

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Hierarchy

A ranked social structure, where some people or groups have more power or status than others.

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Power / authority

Power is the ability to control others

Authority: social right to influence another person

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Social power

The influence someone has over others due to their status, role, or access to resources.

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System justification theory

A tendency to defend and uphold existing social systems, even if they’re unequal.

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Social dominance orientation

A preference for social systems where some groups dominate others (personality that sees and approves inequality)

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Prejudice / discrimination

Prejudice is a biased attitude toward a group

Discrimination is unfair treatment based on that bias

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Belief congruence theory

The idea that people are more accepting of those who share similar beliefs, regardless of group identity.

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Outcome bias

Judging a decision based on its result, not how it was made

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Interdependence

When individuals or groups rely on each other to meet needs or achieve goals, common in human societies.

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Minority influence

When a small or less powerful group changes the views or behaviors of the larger group

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Philip Zimbardo

Psychologist known for the Stanford Prison Experiment, showing how roles and environments influence behavior.

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Solomon Asch

Famous for experiments showing how people conform to group opinion, even when it’s clearly wrong.

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Stanley Milgram

Studied obedience to authority through experiments showing people would follow harmful orders under pressure.