Why are social groups important to us?
source of pride, self-esteem, and sense of belonging
What three stages do we move through during the cognitive process of grouping?
categorization
Identification
Comparison
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Why are social groups important to us?
source of pride, self-esteem, and sense of belonging
What three stages do we move through during the cognitive process of grouping?
categorization
Identification
Comparison
What happens to your perception of a group's characteristics when they are not a group with which you identify?
tend to think more negatively of the outgroup or find negative characteristics
What are the benefits and negative aspects of working in groups and making decisions
Benefits
generate new ideas and solutions
notice and correct mistakes
better collective memory
increase data
Negative
outcome bias
group think
What is the difference between informative and normative social influence?
Informative: we look at others whom we believe to be correct, to provide information in novel or ambiguous context situations
Normative: we conform with others because we think that they will approve and accept through affirmation
What areas of the brain are most active under normative social influence?
insula, hippocampus, caudate, medial PFC
What three factors have the greatest impact on compliance?
Authority
Social
Rapport
Describe three common techniques used to get people to comply.
Door in the face
Foot in the door
Low ball
How does your brain react to disobeying "peer" or "expert" advice when you are part of the ingroup providing the advice
internal conflict stress and fear of exclusion
Social categorization
understand and identify person and social environment
Stereotype
A widely held but oversimplified belief about a group of people, often passed through culture.
Ingroup favoritism
Preferring and giving special treatment to members of your own group.
Outgroup negativity
Distrusting or disliking people from groups different from your own.
Ingroup derogation
Criticizing or devaluing members of your own group, often to align with a dominant group.
Entitativity
perception, by the group member or by others, that the people together are in a group
Ingroup / outgroup
Ingroup: identifies as a member
Outgroup: where we don’t identify with them
Social identity theory
The idea that people define themselves by their group memberships, affecting behavior and self-worth.
Outgroup homogeneity
Believing members of another group are all the same, while seeing your own group as diverse.
Black sheep effect
strong devaluation of ingroup members who threaten the positive image and the identity of the ingroup
Pre- / proscriptive norms
Cultural rules telling us what we should do (prescriptive) and what we should not do (proscriptive).
Injunctive norms
Beliefs about what behaviors are approved or disapproved by society.
Groupthink
When the desire for group agreement leads to poor decisions, ignoring alternatives or dissent.
Compliance / obedience
Compliance: means of social influence to act accordingly with a request or group pressure
Obedience: change in behavior or attitude in response to an authoritative order or coercion
Conformity
Changing behavior or beliefs to match those of a group, often to fit in or avoid conflict.
Influence
The ability to affect how others think, feel, or act through social or cultural pressure
Authoritarianism
personality dimension that characterizes people who prefer to be simple rather than complex and who tend to hold traditional and conservative values (need to self-enhance, threaten position, increase prejudice, decrease humanization)
Hierarchy
A ranked social structure, where some people or groups have more power or status than others.
Power / authority
Power is the ability to control others
Authority: social right to influence another person
Social power
The influence someone has over others due to their status, role, or access to resources.
System justification theory
A tendency to defend and uphold existing social systems, even if they’re unequal.
Social dominance orientation
A preference for social systems where some groups dominate others (personality that sees and approves inequality)
Prejudice / discrimination
Prejudice is a biased attitude toward a group
Discrimination is unfair treatment based on that bias
Belief congruence theory
The idea that people are more accepting of those who share similar beliefs, regardless of group identity.
Outcome bias
Judging a decision based on its result, not how it was made
Interdependence
When individuals or groups rely on each other to meet needs or achieve goals, common in human societies.
Minority influence
When a small or less powerful group changes the views or behaviors of the larger group
Philip Zimbardo
Psychologist known for the Stanford Prison Experiment, showing how roles and environments influence behavior.
Solomon Asch
Famous for experiments showing how people conform to group opinion, even when it’s clearly wrong.
Stanley Milgram
Studied obedience to authority through experiments showing people would follow harmful orders under pressure.