the process by which experience or practice results in a relatively permanent change in behavior
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classical conditioning
a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events
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Desensitization Therapy
a conditioning technique designed to gradually reduce anxiety about a particular object or situation
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Phobia
irrational fear
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Flooding
technique for treating phobias and other stress disorders in which the person is rapidly and intensely exposed to the fear-provoking situation or object and prevented from making the usual avoidance or escape response
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Ivan Pavlov
Russian physiologist who observed conditioned salivary responses in dogs (1849-1936)
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unconditioned stimulus
A stimulus that evokes an unconditioned response without previous conditioning
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unconditioned response
In classical conditioning, the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus, such as salivation when food is in the mouth.
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neutral stimulus
a stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning
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conditioned stimulus
in classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response
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conditioned response
a learned response to a previously neutral stimulus
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stimulus generalization
the tendency to respond to a stimulus that is only similar to the original conditioned stimulus with the conditioned response
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stimulus discrimination
a differentiation between two similar stimuli when only one of them is consistently associated with the unconditioned stimulus
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Exctinction
the diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus (US) does not follow a conditioned stimulus (CS); occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced.
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spontaneous recovery
the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response
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operant conditioning
a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher
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positive reinforcement
Increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli, such as food. A positive reinforcer is any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response.
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negative reinforcement
Increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli, such as shock. A negative reinforcer is any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response. (Note: negative reinforcement is not punishment.)
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primary reinforcer
a naturally reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need
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secondary reinforcer
any reinforcer that becomes reinforcing after being paired with a primary reinforcer, such as praise, tokens, or gold stars
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token economy
an operant conditioning procedure in which people earn a token of some sort for exhibiting a desired behavior and can later exchange the tokens for various privileges or treats
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continous reinforcement
reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs
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fixed-ratio schedule
in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses
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variable-ratio schedule
in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses
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fixed-interval schedule
in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed
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variable-interval schedule
in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals
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punishment
an event that decreases the behavior that it follows
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learned helplessness
the tendency to fail to act to escape from a situation because of a history of repeated failures in the past
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Shaping
an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior
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vicarious learning
learning based on observation of the consequences of others' behavior
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Albert Bandura
Psychologist in 1960s, famous child experiment for observational learning with bobo doll. Social cognitive theory
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latent learning
learning that remains hidden until its application becomes useful
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paycheck at work every two weeks
fixed-interval
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dog responds to your commands but not anyone elses
discrimination
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slot machine
variable ratio
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vending machine
continuous reinforcement
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money
secondary reinforcer
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show up to work and get paid every 2 weeks
primary reinforcer
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conditioned reaction to an association of food with illness
Studied by 4 people
Note 
Flashcard (92)