Human Body in Health and Illness: Chapter 1

The branch of science that studies the structure of the body

Anatomy

The branch of science that describes how the body works, or functions

Physiology

The branch of science that describes the consequences of the improper functioning of the body parts

Pathophysiology

List the bodies levels of organization from simple to complex

Atoms, Molecules, Cells, Tissues, Organ, Organ system, Organism

This system consists of skin and related structures such as hair and nails.

Intetgumentary system

List three functions of the integumentary system

Covers the body, helps regulate body temperature, and contains some of the structures necessary for sensation

This system forms the basic framework of the body and is made up of bones, joints, and cartilage

Skeletal system

List two functions of the skeletal system

Protects the body organs, and stores calcium

This system consists of three types of muscles

Muscular system

List two functions of the muscular system

Moves the skeleton and maintains body posture

This system consists of the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sense organs

Nervous system

These nerves receive information from the environment and bring it to the spinal cord and brain for interpretation

Sensory nerves

this system consists of numerous glands that secrete hormones and chemical substances that regulate body activities

Endocrine system

The body functions growth, reproduction, metabolism, and water balance are regulated by which body system

Endocrine system

This body system consists of the hear and the blood vessels

Circulatory system

This system consists of the lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels, lymph, and other lymphoid organs

Lymphatic system

This system consists of the lungs and the other structures that conduct air to and from the lungs

Respiratory system

This system consists of organs designed to eat foodk, break it down for absorption, and eliminate the waste

Digestive system

This system consists of the kidneys and other structures that help excrete waste product from the body via urine

Urinary system

This system consists of organs and structures that enable humans to reproduce

Reproductive system

This term refers to the body's ability to maintain a stable internal environment in response to a changing external environment

Homeostasis

Mechanisms that help maintain homeostasis are called ____________.

Homeostatic mechanisms

Diseases and disorders are the result of homeostatic __________.

Imbalance

This position is demonstrated with the body standing erect, with face forward, arms at the sides, and the toes and palms of the hands directed forward

Anatomical position

This relative position means that a part is above another part or is closer to the head

Superior

If a body part is located below another part or is closer to the feet it is said to be _______

Inferior

The relative position that means towards the front surface (belly surface or ventral surface).

Anterior

Relative position that means toward the back surface

Posterior

Another word for posterior is _________

Dorsal

Another word for anterior is _________

Ventral

The relative position that means towards the midline

Medial

The relative position that means away from the midline of the body

Lateral

This term means that the structure is nearer the point of attachment

Proximal

Term that means a part is farther away from the point of attachment than is the other part

Distal

Relative position that meants that a part is located on or near the surface of the body

Superficial

This terms means the body part is away from the surface of the body

Deep

A part located in the center is said to be ________

Central

A part located away from the center is said to be _____

Peripheral

This plane divides the body lengthwise into right and left portions

Sagittal plane

This plane divides the body into anterior (ventral) and posterior (dorsal) portions

Frontal plane or Coronal plane

This plane divides the body horizontally, creating an upper (superior) and lower (inferior) portion

Transverse plane

Regional term for the anterior trunk just below the ribs

Abdominal

Regional term for the area in front of the elbow

Antecubital

Regional term for the armpit

Axillary

Regional term for the upper arm

Brachial

Regional term for the cheek area, specifically between the gum and cheek

Buccal

Regional term for the head

Cephalic

Regional term for the neck region

Cervical

Regional term that means nearer to the head

Cranial

Regional term that means fingers, toes

Digital

Regional term for the thigh area

Thigh

Regional term for the fleshy area along each side between the lower ribs and the top of the hip bones

Flank

Regional term for the area where the thigh meets the trunk of the body

Inguinal

Regional term for the mouth

Oral

Regional term for the area around the eye

Orbital

Regional term for the front of the knee

Patellar

Regional term for the foot

Pedal

Regional term for the genital area

Pubic

Regional term for the middle of the chest (over the breastbone area)

Sternal

Regional term for the navel

Umbilical

Regional term for being nearer to the lower region of the spinal column (near the tailbone)

Caudal

Regional term for the rounded area of the shoulder closest to the upper arm

Deltoid

Regional term for the buttocks

Gluteal

Regional term for the area of the back between the ribs and the hips

Lumbar

Regional term for the back of the head

Occipital

Regional term for behind, or back of, the knee area

Popliteal

Regional term for the shoulder blade area

Scapular

Another name for organs

Viscera

The cavity toward the back of the body is called the _______

Dorsal cavity

The cavity toward the fron of the body is called the

Ventral cavity

The dorsal cavity can be divided into what two cavities?

Cranial and spinal (vertebral) cavity

The ventral cavity can be divided into what two main divisions

Thoracic and abdominopelvic cavity

The space in the thoracic cavity that contains the hear, esophagus, trachea, thymus gland and large blood vessels attached to the heart is called the ___________

Mediastinum

The right and left lungs are located on either side of the mediastinum in the ________ cavities

Pleural

The abdominopelvic cavity can be further divided into what two cavities

Abdominal and pelvic cavity

What organs are contained in the abdominal cavity?

Stomach, most of intestine, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, spleen, and kidneys

What organs are contained in the pelvic cavity?

Remainder of intestines, rectum, urinary bladder, and internal parts of reproductive system

What four quadrants divide the abdominopelvic cavity

Right upper quadrant (RUQ), Left upper quandran (LUQ) Right lower quadrant (RLQ) Left lower quadrant (LLQ)

Name the 9 regions that divide the abdominopelvic cavity

Right and left hypochondriac region, Epigastric region, Right and Left lumbar region Umbilical region, Right and left iliac region, and hypogastric region

Name the four smaller cavities located in the head

oral, nasal, orbital, and middle ear cavities