Bio 2 Exam 2 Chapter 29, 30, 31 - Fungi, Plant Diversity, etc

For Niedzwicki's Biology 2 Lecture Class - answers outline questions and provides deeper understanding questions. If there are terms from the outline that you do not see on here, it is because we have not learned it in lecture yet.

How do Fungi Make their Living?

they are heterotrophic, needs nutrition from complex substances

Fungi how many cells?

contains both single cells (yeast), and multicellular (molds)

hyphae

branching filaments that make up mycelium of a fungus, penetrates organisms and begins to eat

Chitin

cell wall for strength and support

mycelium

body of fungus that digests food

septet

divides cells in hyphae

Coenocytic Hypha

undivided cells in hyphae

Describe the life cycle of a fungi, when is it haploid, when diploid …and when is it heterokaryotic

haploid first and during spore production until plasogamy. Heterokaryotic until reaching karyogamy. Diploid in zygotic phase until meiosis

plasmogamy

fusion of cytoplasm in sexual reproduction of fungi

Karyogamy

fusion of nuclei in sexual reproduction of fungi

zygote

fertilized egg; a diploid produced by union of haploids during fertilization

fertilization

union of haploid gametes to form diploid zygote

meiosis

cell division of sex cells

spore

a haploid cell that produces mycelium after germination (can be sexual or asexual)

Why do fungi have “mating types”

asexual for division and spore production, sexual for plasogamy, karyogamy, and mushroom reproduction

heterokaryotic

every cell has two haploid nuclei that are not the same

What are the five groups of fungi?

Chytrids, Zygomycetes, Glomeromycetes, Ascomycetes, Basiodiomycetes

Chytrids Lifestyle & Example

water mold, frogs and other aquatic amphibians are impacted

Zygomycetes Lifestyle & Example

bread mold, gain penicillin from this type of fungi (drugs)

Glomeromycetes Lifestyle & Example

can withstand harsh conditions, soil born symbiotic bacteria

Ascomycetes Lifestyle & Example

multicellular, morel fungi

Basidiomycetes Lifestyle & Example

club fungi, mushrooms, plant fungi

Why are fungi good for life?

eat them, drugs creation

fungal mutualism example

one example is coral and algae

What are the Ancestors of Plants

ancestral green algae, land plants, vascular plants, extant seed plants

what are three traits ancestors of plants share with plants?

being autotrophs, having cellulose cell walls, similar photosynthetic processes (two photosystems), and other molecular and cellular similarities

What Are the Shared Derived Characters that plants share? (five)

alternation of generations, sporangia, gametangia, apical meristem, multicellular embryo that is dependent on parent plant

The Evolution of plants is a story of increasing adaptation to life on _____________.

a terrestrial environment

Bryophytes are defined by what they lack…. what is this?

lack true vascular tissues (depend on water) for reproduction, so they have a small size

Three major groups of bryophytes are?

liverworts, mosses, hornworts

Describe the life cycles of bryophytes, with special attention to the terms Sporophyte and Gametophyte, what does this demonstrate?

begins haploid, gametophyte produces gametes, fertilization produces diploid zygote, then sporophyte takes place to produce spores - demonstrates alternation of two stages (generations). gametophyte dominant

What is the role of water in reproduction for bryophytes

sexual reproduction; allows sperm to swim to egg

gametophyte description (4)

produced by meiosis, both male and female, green part of moss, produces gametes

sporophyte description (3)

produced at fertilization, hair-like part of moss, produces spores

alternation of generations meaning

plants alternate between two different life cycles: gametophyte and sporophyte

Liverwort “war of the sexes”

male and female liverworts sometimes lived in seperate areas, some mixed. Males were faster, females were tougher - proved that liverworts could asexually reproduce

What are the four groups of Fern like plants?

Club Mosses, Ferns, Horsetails, Whisk Ferns

Ferns are define by what they have (2)___________ and what they lack ___________ (1)

vascular tissue and roots, seeds (use spores instead)

What is the significance of “vascular tissue”

has xylem and phloem. Xylem - conducts water and mineral nutrients (raw materials), Phloem - transports sugars, amino acids (cell products)

value/significance of bryophytes

colonize sterile soil, absorb water and nutrients, and contribute to new soils for ecosystems to begin on

Describe the life cycle of the fern, with special attention to the terms Sporophyte and Gametophyte.

begins haploid, gametophyte produces gametes, fertilization produces diploid zygote, then sporophyte takes place to produce spores - demonstrates alternation of two stages (generations). sporophyte dominant

What is the role of water in reproduction for ferns?

sexual reproduction, allows sperm to swim to eggs

Heterosporous

producing different kinds of spores (for different sexes)

homosporous

producing same kind of spores

What are the advantages of seed plants and Pollen?

help against drought, UV, and helps them fertilize without water

define mega sporangia

ovules produce *megaspores* that give rise to female gametophytes

define microsporangia

pollen produce *microspores* that give rise to male gametophytes

What are the traits gymnosperms have that previous plant groups lack, what plant characteristics do they lack?

They produce seeds that are naked (no protective ovary wall), and they lack pistils and stamens

what is a seed?

embryonic plant surrounded by protective outer covering with some food

Describe the life cycle of gymnosperms,  with attention to sporophyte and gametophyte.

diploid until meiosis, micro/megasporangia produce haploid pollen, mega/micro gametophyte processes lead to fertilization. sporophyte dominant

What are the four Major groups of gymnosperms?

Cycadophyta, Gnetophyta, Ginkgophyta, coniferophyta

Which gymnosperm has the most diversity?

coniferophyta

What is an Angiosperm? 

a plant that produces seeds within an enclosure- a fruiting plant

What Shared Derived traits define Angiosperm?

endosperm present within seeds, production of fruit that contains seeds

Describe the angiosperm life cycle,  with attention to sporophyte and gametophyte.

diploid until meiosis, micro/megasporangia produce haploid pollen, mega/micro gametophyte processes lead to fertilization. sporophyte dominant

What is double fertilization?

two sperm cells unite with two cells in female gametophyte (embryo) to form the zygote and endosperm

Besides some “primitive groups” what are the two major groups of angiosperms

monocots and dicots

What are the six differences between monocots and dicots?

monocots: one cotyledon, parallel veins, vascular tissue scattered, no main root, pollen grain with one opening, floral organs in multiples of three

Dicots: two cotyledon, netlike veins, vascular tissue in a ring, main root present, pollen grain with three openings, floral organs in multiples of four or five

What are some basic plant types that fit in each group (monocots and dicots)?

monocots: bananas, wheat, rice, orchids, corn, palm trees.

Dicots: maple and oak trees, cacti, wild flowers, tomatoes, peppers, potatoes.

Describe the role of Symbiosis with pollinators in angiosperm diversity.

Also provide an example

mutualistic relationship, as pollinators help spread seeds and spores, while the plant provides the pollinators with a food reward.

Ex: Hummingbirds with wild flowers

Significance of Seed Plants for our lives

economic food supply, can create a variety of drugs

Define what a botanist means by roots, Shoots and Leaves.

plants can be categorized into being roots or shoots

Three tissue types:

dermal, vascular, ground

Dermal tissue function

outer tissue layer, covers and protects the plant

ground tissue function

middle tissue layer, basic metabolic activities, stores nutrients

parenchyma function

thin walled, metabolism function

collenchyma function

thick, flexibility, support

sclerenchyma function

secondary rigid cell wall (due to lignin), cannot lengthen

vascular tissue function

transport nutrients (water, sugar, etc) to different parts of the plant

xylem (vascular tissue) function

tracheas, long and thin, short/wide vessel

Phloem function

sieve tube, conducting sugar, companion cell to support tube

root hair (dermal tissue) function

absorbs water and nutrients (projection of a single cell)

Describe the leaf and how it’s structure facilitates Photosynthesis. (35.18) GOOD ESSAY!

stomata (outside portion) allows exchange of CO2 and O2 in leaves, mesophyll contain chloroplast cells that help capture light, vascular tissue help spread nutrients from photosynthesis throughout plant