Bio Final test

Dominant Trait

The trait that shows through and masks others.

Recessive Trait

The trait that is being masked by the dominant trait.

Traits

Expressed characteristics of an organism.

Alleles

Different forms of each gene.

Gregor Mendel

The father of genetics who discovered the principles of heredity through experiments with pea plants.

Phenotype

The physical expression of a trait.

Genotype

The genetic makeup of an organism.

Homozygous Parent

An organism with two identical alleles (e.g., RR or rr).

Heterozygous Parent

An organism with two different alleles (e.g., Rr).

F1 Generation

The first filial generation, consisting of all dominant phenotypes.

Law of Dominance

For each trait, one version is dominant over the other (recessive).

Law of Segregation

During the formation of gametes, alleles separate from each other.

Law of Independent Assortment

The segregation of alleles for one trait does not affect the segregation of alleles for another trait.

Monohybrid Cross

The crossing of one trait between two parent organisms.

Karyotype

A full image of an individual's chromosomes, taken during cell division.

Sex Chromosomes

The chromosomes that determine the sex of an individual, with males being XY and females XX.

Test Cross

A method used to determine the genotype of an organism that expresses a dominant trait.

Co-dominance

A condition where there are at least two dominant alleles and one recessive allele.

Incomplete Dominance

A situation where one allele is not completely expressed over its paired allele.

Universal Donor Blood Type

Type O blood, which can be given to individuals of all blood types.

Genotype for Blood Type A

Homozygous (Ia, Ia) or Heterozygous (Ia, i).

Genotype for Blood Type B

Homozygous (Ib, Ib) or Heterozygous (Ib, i).

Genotype for Blood Type AB

IAIB.

Genotype for Blood Type O

ii.

Nondisjunction

The failure of chromosomes to separate properly during cell division.

Chromosomal Mutations

Changes that occur in the chromosomes, which can impact offspring.

Point Mutations

Changes that occur in somatic cells affecting the individual.

Trisomy

Condition where there are three chromosomes in a cell where there should be two.

Monosomy

Condition where there is one chromosome in a cell where there should be two.

Turner's Syndrome

A condition caused by monosomy, specifically affecting females.

Down Syndrome

A condition caused by trisomy of the 21st chromosome pair.

Klinefelter's Syndrome

A condition caused by trisomy of the 23rd chromosome pair.

Triple X Syndrome

A condition caused by trisomy of the 23rd chromosome pair in females.

Jacob's Syndrome

A condition caused by trisomy of the 23rd chromosome pair in males.

Edwards Syndrome

A condition caused by an extra 18th chromosome pair.

Patau Syndrome

A condition caused by an extra 13th chromosome pair.