Bio Final test

Dominant trait is the trait that shows through,masks others.

Recessive trait is the trait that is being masked by the dominant.

Traits are expressed characteristics.

Alleles are different forms of each gene.

Gregor Mendel, named the father of genetics in 1851, that breaded pea plants and discovered Mendel discovered the basic principles of heredity and laid the mathematical foundation for genetics.

Gregor found out that there was 7 characteristics in pea plants.

Phenotype is the physical thing being seen.

Genotype is the genetic thing you consist of.

Example of a Homozygous parent is RR or rr

Example of a Heterozygous parent is Rr

F1 generation consists of all dominant phenotypes.

F1 generation + F1 generation= F2 generation

Gregor Mendel had 3 major laws that consisted of-

• Law of dominance

  For each trait, one version is dominant to the other (recessive)

• Law of segregation

  When an individual makes gametes (sex cells), The alleles separate from each other

• Law of independant assortment

  one had nothing to do with the other

Monohybrid cross is the crossing of 1 trait.

Steps for punt square-

1. Write/identify parent alleles

2. do punnit square

3. write phenotype/genotype

Karyotype is a full image of your chromosomes before meiosis and during cell division.

Sex chromosomes have 23 pairs.

Male= XY

Female= XX

Test cross is a way to define whether a organism that expresses a dominant trait is homo or hetero.

Co-dominance is where there are ATLEAST two dominant alleles and one recessive.

Incomplete dominance is when one is missing.

Blood types-

• A

• B

• AB

• O

  Only way to be one type of blood is for both parents to give the same blood.

Genotype for Blood type- A : Homo(Ia,Ia) + Hetero(Ia, i)

Genotype for blood type- B: Homo(Ib,Ib) + Hetero(Ib, i)

Genotype for blood type- AB: (Ia,Ib)

Genotype for blood type- O: (ii)

Which blood type is the universal donor? - O

What type of blood can type AB get?- All blood

Male

• XY= normal

• Xc Y= affected

Female

• XX= normal

• X Xc= carrier

• Xc Xc= Both affected

Examples of sex linked trait deformity-

• hemophilia

• red-green color blindness

• congenital night blindness

• some high blood pressure genes

• Duchenne muscular dystrophy

• Fragile X syndrome.

Dihybrid cross is cross of two traits

Nondisjunction is when chromosomes fail to separate properly.

What affects does nondisjunction have on people?

• extra chromosomes

• disorders

• meiosis cycle interference

Chromosomal mutations happen in the gametes

Point mutations happen in the somatic cells

Chromosomal mutations affect the OFFSPRING

Point mutations affect YOU

Chromosomal mutations result in an addition or deletion of genes

These mutations can lead to various genetic disorders or developmental issues depending on the genes involved.

Nondisjunction is the only thing that can change the number of chromosomes added or lost

Trisome is when there are 3 chromosomes in one cell when there should be 2

Monosome is when there are 1 chromosome in a cell when there should be 2

Nondisjunction happens in meiosis 1 and 2

Nondisjunction disorders due to chromosomes include:

• turners syndrome- monosomy

• down syndrome- trisomy of 21st pair

• Kleinfelds syndrome- trisomy of 23rd pair

• triple x syndrome- trisomy of 23rd pair

• Jacobs syndrome- trisomy of 23rd pair

• Edwards syndrome- extra 18th pair

• Patav syndrome- extra 13th pair

Karyotype is a picture of your chromosomes that can only be taken during cell division.

Male shape

• Full square- affected

• Empty square- unaffected

Female shape

• Full circle- affected

• Empty circle- unaffected

Symbols and rules

• Married= Full square connected to full circle

• Incest marriage= full square half connected to a full circle

• Siblings= two full squares connected by two lines

• Dead= line through full square or full circle