BIOETHICS

character

From the Greek word “ethos” which means “

morality and right conduct

A field of moral philosophy dealing with

ETHICS 

As a moral philosophy, it is an

application of a moral code of

conduct and good behavior

ETHICS

Are broad

principles of

what is good and

evil, right and

wrong

MORALITY

Reflects individual values, beliefs and practices about proper human conduct

(Defending) (Systematizing) (Remodeling) (Interconnecting) 

CONCEPTS & PRINCIPLES OF ETHICS

(__________)- placing justice for the things done and

services rendered

(__________)- deals with the manner or ways

of putting actions in the proper order

(___________)- entails the process of reshaping

the sphere of goodness and righteousness

(___________)-covers the process of

internalising the action done and relating it to a

future action

(ETHICS) (righteousness and goodness) (normative science) 

Is a philosophy because it touches the principles of (__________&________) is a science of the highest goodness because it investigates what is right and good in human conduct (a (_______________)

-RULES

-STANDARDS

-PRINCIPLES

-JUDGEMENT

-COMMON SENSE

-VALUES

-PUBLIC INTEREST

GENERAL COMPONENTS OF GENERAL COMPONENTS OF ETHICS

RULES

are clear instructions

that must be followed

failure to follow may

result in legal action

in the form of

penalties or

suspension

POLICIES

How the rules are going to be

implemented

basically give a direction that

is in line with both applicable

laws and goals that the

organization wants to achieve

STANDARDS

social policies that an

individual, group of individuals

or the entire community should

observe

when people know what is

expected of them they tend to

comply

(PRINCIPLES) (principle of the moral system)

when the rules of conduct are evaluated against a standard rule, it is known as a (_____________) this becomes a principle if there is a valid and justified ground to support the premise

JUDGMENT

the product of learned codes of conduct and the cognitive evaluation of each situation

COMMON

S E N S E

is a practical application of what

the conscious mind dictates

whether or not the action is right

or wrong

(VALUES) (having worth or being worthy)

(VALUES) from the Latin word “Valere” meaning (______________)

an abstract object of interest or worth

PUBLIC INTEREST

manifests when an action has been

done and executed in congruency

with public welfare

METAETHICS → NORMATIVE ETHICS → APPLIED ETHICS

GENERAL TYPES OF ETHICS

Meta

means “After” or “beyond”

META-ETHICS

involves a removed or bird’s eye view of the

entire concept of ethics

defined as the study of the origin and meaning of

ethical concepts

addresses questions such as “What is goodness?”

and “How can we tell what is good from what is

bad?”

(Metaphysical issues) (Psychological

issues)

2 issues of Meta-ethics

Metaphysical issues

concerning whether

morality exists

independently of

humans

Psychological issues

concerning the underlying mental basis of our moral judgments and conduct

Voluntarism or Divine Command Theory

an all-powerful God who simply

wills things and they become

reality

Relativism

moral values are strictly human interventions

NORMATIVE ETHICS

involves arriving at moral standards that regulate the right and wrong conduct the key assumption in normative ethics is that there is only one ultimate criterion of moral conduct, whether it is a single rule or a set of principles The Golden Rule is a classic example of a normative principle

1. VIRTUE, 2. DUTY

3 strategies of Normative Ethics

(VIRTUE) (Virtuous person) (Virtue theory)

(_________)

(_____________)- having the sense of right and wrong

One who acts right just because he/she is just that sort of person

(___________) emphasizes moral education since virtuous character traits are developed in one’s youth

(DUTY or Duty theories) (Deontological or Nonconsequentialist)

(___________) base morality on

specific, foundational principles

of obligation

also called (_________________________)

(Religious doctrine) (Kantian Ethics) (Prima facie)

PRINCIPLES OF DUTY

(_____________) - a theoretical duty to know the existence and nature of God

(_____________) - based on categorical imperatives that are derived from rational analysis

(___________) duties by British philospher W.D. Ross - our duties are “part of the fundamental nature of the universe”

(Fidelity) (Reparation) (Gratitude) (Justice) (Beneficence) (Self-improvement) (Nonmaleficence)

PRINCIPLES OF DUTY

(______)

the duty to keep promises

(________)

the duty to compensate others when

we harm them

(_________)

the duty to thank those who help us

PRINCIPLES OF DUTY

(_______)

the duty to recognize merit

(___________)

the duty to improve the condition of

others

(_________)

the duty to improve our virtue and

intelligence

(__________)

the duty to not injure others

(Consequentialist) (cost benefit analysis of an action’s consequences) (Teleological)

(________________)

According to consequentialism,

correct moral conduct is

determined solely by a (_______________)

an action is morally right if the

consequences of that action are

more favorable than unfavorable

Also known as (___________)

theories (from the Greek word

telos or end) since the end result

of the action is the sole

determining factor of its morality

APPLIED ETHICS

most important ethical approach consists of the analysis of specific, controversial moral issues such as abortion, animal rights or euthanasia

-the issue needs to be controversial

-it must be a distinctly moral issue

2 FEATURES

(ETHICS IN MEDICINE) (handling patients) (Hippocratic oath)

(___________________)

involves the use of moral values and

judgments in medical practice especially in (_____________)

western medical ethics is guided by the (___________)

(ETHICS IN PSYCHOLOGY) (psychologists and other mental health professionals)

have codes of conduct to protect themselves and their clients

ETHICS IN POLITICS

Are you truthful about your record, background and accomplishments? Even if an allegation against an opponent is true is it fair under the circumstances?

ECONOMICS or  FOR BUSINESSMEN

While many companies grow profits ethically, are you maximizing profits unethically?

ETHICS IN ENVIRONMEN

Companies that want to grow profits may

use unethical environmental practices by

increasing pollution, contaminating water

supplies and destroying forests

It’s often less costly to negatively impact

the environment than it is to positively

impact it.

PROFESSIONAL ETHICS

Professionals act according to certain standards of behaviour This emanates from the moral reflection of professional endeavours enveloped in a code of ethics

PROFESSIONALS SUCH AS MEDTECHS ARE EXPECTED TO DEMONSTRATE AND MANIFEST PROFESSIONALS SUCH AS MEDTECHS ARE EXPECTED TO DEMONSTRATE AND MANIFEST ETHICAL BEHAVIOURS SUCH AS THE FF:

-Impartiality and objectivity

-Openness and full disclosure

-Due diligence

-Confidentiality

-Fidelity to professional responsibilities

-Reliability at work

-Avoidance of conflict of interest

PROFESSIONAL ETHICS

-deals with the practice of one’s profession

-the ethics of work

applied ethics

-is primarily focused on the particular academic endeavor

-is the ethics prevailing in both professional and nonprofessional works