soci 101 unit 3 exam (final, unc lammers)

gatekeeping

controlling access to groups, communities, organizations, etc

families as a unit of consumption

purchasing amenities and goods to provide for daily necessities and lifestyle

geeksploitation

taking advantage of no-collar employees who desired creative work, friendly workplaces, and the sharing of knowledge

iron cage of bureaucracy (weber)

excessive rationality of the system leads to following the system to meet the ends and justify the system

generalized reciprocity (swyers)

exchanges with others without the expectation of immediate return

Power (Max Weber)

ability to exercise one's will over others, ability to achieve goals despite action of others

credentialism

the overemphasis on a credential (ex college degree) to indicate qualification or status

social capital

the relationships, norms, and trust between individuals that facilitate action in others

sacred (Durkheim)

spaces and practices that are considered extraordinary and special (tend to bring unity within groups)

profane (Durkheim)

that which is mundane and ordinary (tend to be individual, not group)

Taylorism (frederick winslow taylor)

time motion studies to find the most efficient method to complete a task, "scientific management"

nuclear family

the familial form consisting of two parents and children

wedding industrial complex

Chrys ingraham argues that marriage is promoted by financial interests (increased market means increased profits)

prescriptive structure

clear cut roles as to who holds which position and how much power they have within the group

species being (Marx)

production is an expression of life, people find their humanness through free and meaningful work

collective effervescence

a feeling of belonging through collective ritual action

emotional cultures

the rituals and practices that become sacred and special for one's self and groups

propinquity

James Bossurd found that nearness and repeated interaction influences mate selection

service sector economy

economy focused on providing services rather than producing goods (lower-wage jobs, more employment instability, and reduction in benefits)

taking care (swyers)

expressing an interest or concern for others

fictive kin (swyers)

social relationships based on friendship, rather than blood or marital connections

semiotics

the study of signs and symbols

functionalist view of family

family is the keystone of society (traditional gender roles, nuclear family, only marriages should procreate, change in family structure causes a lot of social issues)

the second shift (horschild)

non paid, extra work that women perform as being a working mother (ex: cooking, kids driving, groceries)

no collar workers

workers that seek meaning and satisfaction from their job

new (gig) economy

the trend toward temporary and contract work, moving from gig to gig

gesellschaft

a community, often urban, that is large and impersonal, with little commitment to the group or consensus on values

feminist view on family

family structures must adapt so to provide a safe and nurturing space for all family members (change in family structure is not direct cause of social problems, but social stuff changes family structure)

performative structure

structure created through accepting roles and establishing rules, no formal coordination

positive rites

actions that are expected to be performed and carried out by members of the group or society

cult of domesticity

the belief that true womanhood on child rearing and domestic duties

underemployment

not working the desired amount of time or work that doesn't utilize one's full abilities or skill

serial monogamy

the practice of an individual marrying several times but only after each prior marriage ended in death/divorce

negative rites

actions that are considered taboo by the group or society that should be avoided

hierarchy

ranking of members in social groups by power, influence, and ability

gemeinschaft

a type of society in which life is intimate; a community in which everyone knows everyone else and people share a sense of togetherness

brain drain

the migration of highly educated or qualified people leaving one country or region for greater opportunities

marriage markets

spaces and populations for finding potential partners and mates

industrial time (swyers)

the rationalization and standardization of society necessary for capitalist economies

family as a unit of production

families working together to provide daily necessities and resources (pre and early industrial families worked together to provide a sustainable lifestyle)

remarriage as an incomplete institution (cherlin)

family relations are framed from first marriage, remarried families face more barriers and greater risk for divorce, step vs biological, etc

charismatic authority (weber)

a type of authority based on dynamic personality and personal qualities

boundary less career

jobs offered in the new/gig economy that provides freedom to employees (freedom to employees, lack of stability)

types of authority (weber)

acceptance by people to follow specific procedures: traditional, charismatic, legal-rational

wealth work

jobs that cater to the wealthy

working poor

those persons who work but still fall under the official poverty line

boundary maintenance (swyers)

the ways in which societies and groups maintain distinctions between themselves and others

free trade

policies based on open, non discriminatory trade, little to no tariffs and taxes on imports or exports

no fault divorce

the ability to divorce without having to file a legal case that establishes fault

emotional geography (hochschild)

emotions shaped by different spaces, home is sanctuary while work is stressful

homogamy

tendency to select a partner/mate based on similarities (education level, income, race, religion, etc)

rituals (swyers)

actions that groups perform that builds a sense of connection in their social group

occupational sex segregation

concentration of men or women into fields dominated by one sex

superstition

engaging in behaviors in response to events and situations that are not open to their own human agency

invisible labor

the unseen and unpaid work that is put in to maintain the family

sandwich generation

caring for both one's children and their aging parents

offshoring

the decision to move part, or all, of a company's operations overseas to minimize costs

division of labor

Division of work into a number of separate tasks to be performed by different workers (Marx believes it leads to alienation of individuals)

footing (swyers)

is necessary for the ritual and for group cohesion. The interactions, gestures, and the implicit understanding of the relationships of all people in the community, group, society

taboo

a ban or prohibition of a behavior or utterance imposed by a social group

outsourcing

contracting out, or doing jobs elsewhere, that were done in house

two tier economy

economy divided into two separate groups: one with generally lower earnings, few or no benefits, and less stable employment; and one with higher earnings, benefits, more stable employment, and greater wealth

assortative mating

when individuals tend to mate with those who are phenotypically similar to themselves

industrialization

The development of industries for the machine production of goods, Marx thinks it alienates people from production and their life, changed family form

bureaucracy (weber)

an organization governed by formal rules, impersonal procedures, and a hierarchy of offices, where officials carry out specialized tasks based on technical competence. (weber thinks its the most rational and efficient form of organization for society)

fair trade

trade agreements that seek equity in the international markets, policies that promote decent working conditions and fair prices to farmers/workers

post industrial economy

The economy of many economically developed countries where most employment is now in service industries.

pink collar workers

jobs that are predominantly held by women and usually compensated at lower rates than are jobs held by men

signifying contract

the requirement, or obligation, to behave in ways that reflect the values of the group

care drain

the growing proportion of immigrants finding jobs in the long term care profession