AP world history Unit 3

study.

Who established the Tokugawa Shogunate in Japan, and what was its purpose?

Tokugawa Ieyasu; centralize power and enforce isolation

How did Martin Luther and John Calvin challenge the Catholic Church?

By rejecting papal authority and emphasizing scripture

What was the primary mission of the Jesuit Order?

To spread Catholicism through education and missionary work

What principle did the Peace of Westphalia (1648) establish?

Sovereignty of states and religious choice

Why was Mehmed II's conquest of Constantinople in 1453 significant?

It ended the Byzantine Empire and made Constantinople the Ottoman capital

Who were the Janissaries in the Ottoman Empire?

Elite infantry soldiers recruited through devshirme

What role did the vizier serve in the Ottoman government?

Chief advisor and administrator to the sultan

What was the devshirme system?

A levy of Christian boys converted to Islam and trained for service

Why is the Suleymaniye Mosque important?

It symbolizes Ottoman architectural achievement under Suleiman

What were two reasons for the Ottoman Empire's decline?

Military defeats and administrative corruption

What was the significance of the Battle of Lepanto (1571)?

Major naval defeat of the Ottomans by European powers

Who was Ismail I in the Safavid Empire?

Founder of the dynasty who established Shia Islam as the state religion

Why was the Battle of Chaldiran (1514) important?

Ottoman victory that checked Safavid expansion

How did Shah Abbas I strengthen the Safavid Empire?

By reforming the military and promoting trade

What is the main difference between Shia and Sunni Islam?

Shia believe leadership should descend from Ali's line

In Shia Islam, what role do Imams play?

Spiritual leaders seen as divinely inspired

What role did mullahs serve in Islamic societies?

Religious scholars and teachers of Islamic law

What factors led to the decline of the Safavid Empire?

Weak rulers, economic troubles, and Afghan invasions

Who was Babur in Indian history?

Founder of the Mughal Empire

Why was the Battle of Panipat (1526) significant?

It marked the beginning of Mughal rule

What role did zamindars play in the Mughal Empire?

Local tax collectors and landholders

How did Akbar the Great promote religious tolerance?

By abolishing the jizya tax and engaging in interfaith dialogue

What reforms did Akbar introduce for women's rights?

He discouraged child marriage and opposed sati

What was the practice of sati?

Widow's ritual suicide on her husband's funeral pyre

How did Peter the Great modernize Russia?

By westernizing culture and reforming the military

Who were the Cossacks in Russian history?

Frontier warriors and settlers who aided expansion

What were two reasons for the decline of the Ming Dynasty?

Corruption and peasant revolts