Cardiovascular System

Aortic dissection types

Type 1: All the way to iliac bifurcation

Type 2: Ascending aorta only, ends at innominate artery

Type 3: Thoracic aorta to subclavian

Name the pathology

Type 1 aortic dissection

Name the pathology

Type 2 aortic dissection

Name the pathology

Type3 aortic dissection

Angina pectoralis

Lack of oxygen to myocardium

Aortic stenosis

Narrowing of aortic valve

What can cause aortic stenosis

• Congenital deformity

• Rheumatic heart disease

• Aging

Arteriosclerosis vs atherosclerosis

Arteriosclerosis - hardening of arteries

Atherosclerosis - plaque in arteries

CABG

Coronary artery bypass graft

Thrombus vs embolism

Thrombus: blood clot formation which obstructs flow

Embolus: Clot breaks free and travels through bloodstream

Another name fro AVM

Arteriovenous fistula

Arteriovenous malformation radiographic appearance

Tangled mess of vessels, seen best with contrast

Name the pathology

AVM

Name the pathology

AVM

CVD

Cerebrovascular disease - any process which causes abnormality of blood vessels to the brain including hemorrhage, aneurysms and AMV

CHF

Heart is unable to pump sufficient blood to the body

What causes CHF

• Abnormality causing defective cardiac filling or emptying

• Hypertension

• Obstructive processes

Manifestations of CHF (applying to both sides)

• Decreased output and stroke volume

• Hypoxia

• Fatigue, weakness

• Dyspnea

Compensation mechanisms for CHF

• Tachycardia

• vasoconstriction

• Oliguria

Right vs left sided CHF

Right - systemic, symptoms in limbs and organs

Left - pulmonary, symptoms related to lungs

Left sided CHF manifestations

Related to pulmonary congestion (fluid buildup):

• Dyspnea

• Cough

• Nocturnal dyspnea

Left sided CHF appearance

• Cardiothoracic ratio greater than 50%

• Cardiomegaly

• Pulmonary edema, effusion

Right sided CHF manifestations

• Edema in limbs

• hepatomegaly, splenomegaly (digestive disturbance)

• Ascites

Acute:

• Face flushing

• distended neck veins

• headache

• Visual disruption

Radiographic appearance of right sided CHF

• Cardiothoracic ratio greater than 50%

• Wide mediastinum

• Right hemidiaphragm elevation (hepatomegaly)

Risk factors for coronary artery disease

• Hypertension

• Obesity

• Smoking

• High-cholesterol

• Sedentary

Causes of coronary artery disease

• Arteriosclerosis/atherosclerosis

• Angina pectoris

• Myocardial infarction

Complications of dexterocardia

• Heart defects

• Spleen is missing

• Strange gallbladder

• Issues with lungs and intestines

Congenital heart disease

• Cardiac anomalies

• Septal defects

• valve defects

What types of shunting are there in the heart

Right to left - cyanotic

Left to right - acyanotic

Arterial septal defect

Right and left atria communicating, right to left shunting = increased pulmonary blood flow overloading right ventricle

Radiographic appearance of ASD

Enlarged right ventricle, right atrium and pulmonary trunk

PFO

Patent foramen ovale - communication between between right and left atria due to incomplete closure of foramen ovale

Left to right shunt (pressure higher in left atria)

PFO vs ASD radiographic appearance

Same

Foramen ovale

Opening or shunt in heart tissue allowing blood to flow from right to left atrium

VSD

Ventricular septal defect - left to right shunting between two ventricles

Increased pulmonary blood flow and venous return

VSD radiographic appearance

Pulmonary trunk enlargement, left atrium and ventricle
enlargement but NO right ventricle enlargement

Triangular mediastinum, pulmonary trunk is huge and makes aorta look tiny

Name the pathology

VSD

PDA

Patent ductus arteriosus

Connection between pulmonary arteries and aorta

Left to right shunt

PDA radiographic appearance

Enlarged left atrium, left ventricle and pulmonary arteries

Increased pulmonary vascularity (aortic knob formation)