APUSH - Topic 3.10 Shaping a New Republic + 3.11 Developing an American Identity

1. Explain how and why competition intensified conflict among peoples and nations from 1754 to 1800. 2. Explain how and why political ideas, institutions, and party systems developed and changed in the new republic. 3.11 Explain the continuities and changes in American culture from 1754 to 1800.

How was the federal government organized after George Washington became president?

• executive departments

  • Washington appointed head of departments (cabinet)

  • advised Washington about policies

• Federal Court System

  • Congress can create smaller federal courts

  • Judiciary Act of 1789

    • established 1 chief justice and 5 associate justices in SCOTUS

    • SCOTUS rules on decisions made in state courts

    • created system for district courts and appeals

What was Hamilton’s financial program?

• pay off national debt and have federal govt. assume state debts

• high tariffs on imported goods to protect and develop industry

• national bank to deposit govt. funds and print banknotes

How did Hamilton’s financial plan actually play out?

• Anti-federalists led by Jefferson → saw plan as benefitting the rich

• slightly modified execution of plan:

  • debt was payed at face value

  • tariffs were not as high as Hamilton wanted

  • national bank supported and created by Washington

    • debate led by Jefferson on whether Congress had power to create a bank

How did Jefferson react to the French Revolution?

• many people (Jefferson) supported French revolutionary cause

• there remained a US-French alliance (with French monarchy, not revolutionary republic)

• Proclamation of Neutrality (1793)

  • Washington did not think US was strong enough to engage in war

  • Jefferson resigned from cabinet in disagreement

• “Citizen” Genet (French minister to US) appealed directly to American people to support the French

  • Washington (and Jefferson) outraged

  • called for French govt. to remove Genet

How did Washington manage issues with Britain?

• GB continued occupying military posts on frontier

• GB searched and seized American ships, impressing sailors

• Jay Treaty

  • negotiated for a year

  • GB evacuated posts but said nothing about impressment

• very unpopular treaty but it kept Washington’s policy of neutrality

How did Washington manage issues with Spain?

• Spain saw Jay Treaty as US becoming closer to GB

• wanted to strengthen its colonies in America

• Pinckney Treaty (1795)

  • lower Mississippi River and New Orleans open to US trade

  • right of deposit → Americans could transfer cargoes in New Orleans without paying duties to Spain

  • resolved border dispute at northern border of Florida

How did Washington treat Native Americans on the western frontier?

• NAs attempted to ally against settlers

  • formed Northwest Confederacy

• British sometimes supplied NAs with arms and encouraged them to attack

  • US very angry

• Battle of Fallen Timbers (1794)

  • US defeated Confederacy tribes in Ohio

• Treaty of Greenville

  • NAs surrendered claims to Ohio Territory

What was the Whiskey Rebellion?

• tax on sale of whiskey to make up for lower tariffs than wanted

• farmers couldn’t afford to pay tax → attacked revenue collectors

• Washington federalized state militia to crush rebellion

  • almost no bloodshed

  • supporters

    • fed. power good

    • didn’t want repeat of Shay’s rebellion

  • opposers

    • unwarranted use of force against commoners

How did Washington manage the Western frontier?

• Jay Treaty, Treaty of Greenville gave govt. control of more land

• Public Land Act (1796)

  • encouraged settlement of new lands

  • established process for adding new states

  • Vermont, Kentucky, and Tennessee added

What were the first political parties?

• people would form factions in colonial times (would dissolve after issue resolved)

• framers of Constitution didn’t think political parties were needed

• Federalist Party

  • Hamilton

• Democratic-Republican Party

  • Jefferson

• divide over France issue solidified creation of political parties

What did the Federalists believe in?

• John Adams, Alexander Hamilton

• Constitution

  • loose interpretation

  • strong central govt.

• Pro-British

• military

  • large peacetime military

• economics

  • help business

  • national bank

  • high tariffs

• supporters

  • Northern business supporters

  • large landowners

What did the Democratic-Republicans believe in?

• Thomas Jefferson, James Madison

• Constitution

  • strict interpretation

  • weak central govt.

• Pro-French

• small peacetime military

• economic

  • agriculture

  • no national bank

  • no high tariffs

• supporters

  • skilled workers

  • small farmers

  • plantation owners

What was Washington’s message in his Farewell Address?

• do not get involved in European affairs (neutrality)

• do not form “permanent alliances” in foreign affairs

• do not form political parties

• do not fall into sectionalism

• Washington leaving office also created the two-term tradition that was not broken until Roosevelt

What was the challenge John Adams faced with France at the beginning of his presidency?

• XYZ Affair

  • French seized US ships

  • Adams sent people to negotiate with French

  • anonymous French ministers X, Y, and Z requested bribes to enter into negotiations

• US very angry → called for war

• Adams resisted and sent new ministers to France instead

How did the Federalists attempt to restrict the power of the Democratic-Republicans?

• Federalists won majority in both houses of Congress (1798)

• Naturalization Act

  • increased years for immigrants to qualify for US citizenship

  • most immigrants voted D-R

• Alien Acts

  • president could deport aliens considered dangerous and detain enemy aliens in times of war

• Sedition Act

  • illegal for newspaper editors to criticize president or Congress

  • fines or imprisonment as punishment

How did Democratic-Republicans react to the Alien and Sedition Acts?

• concept of SCOTUS being able to overturn unconstitutional laws not yet established

• enacted nullifying laws in state legislatures

• Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions

  • states had entered into “compact” to form national govt.

  • if fed. govt. broke compact, state could nullify fed. law

  • only adopted by Kentucky and Virginia

• Federalists lost control of Congress (1800)

  • acts were expired to repealed

What social changes after the Revolutionary War showed the US to be different from England?

• abolition of aristocratic titles

  • legislature could not grant titles of nobility

  • ended primogeniture (first-born inherits family property)

• separation of church and state

  • states didn’t give financial support to religion groups

• states did not change at the same time → each state very different

  • not all states separated from the church immediately

What cultural changes occurred after the Revolutionary War?

• expansion of newspapers

• first art gallery

• new urban design (Washington D.C.), new art