chem 1a midterm

what to study aside from vocab: - balancing reactions -oxidation/reduction reactions - empirical formulas/mass - cheat sheet the solubility and oxidation state rules (too damn many)

reduction

gaining electron

oxidation

losing electron

common oxidizers

O2, F2, Cl2, Br2, I2, HNO3, S, OCl

common reducers

H2, Na, K, Rb, Cs, C

Bronsted Lowry acid

dissociates to produce H+ (proton donor)

Bronsted Lowry base

reacts with H+ (proton accepter)

counterion

ion used to balance charge (identity is unimportant)

auto-ionization of water

at any temperature, there are a fraction of water molecules that have enough energy to dissociate

pH

-log(H+)

neutral

[H+]=[OH-]

what do the brackets around an element mean

concentration/molarity

Arrhenius acid

a substance that dissociates to produce H+

Arrhenius base

a substance that dissociates to produce OH-

monoprotic

an acid that can produce H+

diprotic

an acid that produces 2H+

triprotic

an acid that produces 3H+

neutralize

react equal moles acid & base

strong acid

an acid that dissociates completely

weak acid

an acid that minimally dissociates

combustion

a reaction with O2 that produces heat and/or light

hydrocarbon

a substance that only contains hydrogen and carbon

precipitation

formation of a solid from a solution

electrolyte

a substance that causes water to conduct electricity, usually because the electrolyte dissociates to form ions

dissociate

break a bond

strong electrolyte

a substance that completely or extensively dissociates in water (Example: HCl)

weak elecrolyte

a substance that only partially dissociates in water (Example: acetic acid)

solution

a homogenous mixture

solute

the minor part of a solution

solvent

the major part of a solution

soluble

able to form a solution with a particular solvent

miscible

able to form a solution in any proportion

concentration

measure of the amount of solute in a solution

molarity

moles of the solute/liters of solution “molar”

molarity equation

molarity(volume)=moles

empirical formula

the lowest ratio of elements in a substance

mass %

the mass of one element in a substance divided by the total mass of the substance

molar mass

the mass of one mole of a substance

hydrate

a substance with a specific # of water molecules as part of its structure

anhydrous

a substance or mixture with no water

hygroscopic

a substance or a mixture that spontaneously absorbs water from its surroundings

desicant

“drying agent”; a substance or mixture that is hygroscopic, used to remove water from another substance or mixture

deliquescent

a substance so hydroscopic that it will spontaneously form an aqueous mixture

oxoion

an ion containing oxygen

electronegativity

the ability of an atom to draw electrons towards itself when part of a bond

kinetic molecular theory

at any temperature, the molecules of a molecular substance will not all have the same energy