unit 6

Industrialization 🌍

Began in the UK in the late 1700s.

Started with textiles.

Driven by technology.

Key Concepts 🏭

Cottage industry (home-based) → Factories

Example: Silicon Valley (tech).

Agglomeration: Businesses cluster for benefit.

Comparative Advantage: Produce goods with the greatest advantage.

Deglomeration: Businesses leave due to costs/competition.

Example: Copper smelting.

Bulk-Reducing: Final product weighs less.

Example: Car manufacturing.

Bulk-Gaining: Final product weighs more.

Fordist: Assembly line, specific tasks.

Labor-Intensive: High labor costs.

Market Equilibrium: Supply = Demand.

Post-Fordist: Skilled workers, variety of tasks.

Example: Grocery stores.

Ubiquitous: Distributed with population.

Example: Ports.

Break of Bulk: Goods transfer between transport modes.

TNCs: Companies in multiple countries.

Line-Haul Costs: Transportation costs.

Trading Bloc: Countries promoting trade.

Example: McDonald's.

Economic Development 📊

Example: EU.

GDP: Goods/services in a country.

PPP: Currency value vs. what it buys.

Literacy Rate: % who can read/write.

GNP: Goods/services by a country's residents.

Urbanization & Cities 🏙

Multiplier Effect: City growth → more service workers.

Rank-Size Rule: nth city = 1/n of largest.

Urban Hierarchy: Ranking of cities.

Primate City: One city dominates.

Example: Even distribution.

World Cities: Global hubs.

Example: Paris.

Megacities: Over 10 million people.

Examples: NYC, London, Tokyo.

Urban Models 🏘

Examples: Mumbai, Mexico City.

U.S. Models:

Central Place Theory: Hexagons, range, threshold.

Concentric Zone

rings around the CBD

Sector

wedges/sectors, transportation routes

Multiple Nuclei

multiple centers

Peripheral/Galactic City

Decentralized sprawl, edge cities

Latin American City Model

colonial planning

Urban Issues 🏚

Gentrification: Revitalizing urban areas.

Edge City: Suburban office areas.

Ghettoization: Concentration of groups.

Sprawl Causes: Cheap land, quality of life, transport.

Example: Tysons Corner.

Squatter Settlements: Poor housing on edges.

Rapid Growth: Migration, birth rates.

Policies & Solutions 💡

Latin American Model: CBD, wealthy zone, squatter settlements.

New Urbanism: Walkable, mixed-use.

Reduce Sprawl: Smart growth, transport.

Concentric Zone Model

rings around the CBD

Sector Model

wedges/sectors, transportation routes

Multiple

multiple centers