EARTHSCIENCE

also known as geoscience, encompasses all fields of natural science

Earth Science

Study of solid Earth, the rocks of which it is composed, and the processes by which they change. (Plate tectonics, Earthquakes, Volcanism, Rocks and Minerals.)

Geology

Study involves primarily the atmosphere, weather events, and variables that affects weather conditions such as pressure and temperature

Meteorology

also known as oceanology-study of oceans an

Oceanography

- study of the celestial objects such as stars, galaxies, planets, moons, asteroids, comets and nebulae

Astronomy

study of different kinds of rocks

Petrology

study of all kinds of minerals which are useful

Mineralogy

-study of fossils formations and recordings

Paleontology

Study of earthquake existence

Seismology

study of basic and special features of volcanoes

Volcanology

- study of the universe as a whole

Cosmology

Importance of Studying Earth science

1.It gives understanding on global climate changes, potential global warming, and related biosphere concerns

2. It gives awareness on natural hazards in order to enact safe building codes and warning systems that are used to prevent loss of property of life.

3. It gives both relative and absolute dates to geological events. Use these dates finds the rates at which processes occur.

4. It helps locate and manage the Earth's natural resources, such us petroleum and coal, as well as mineral resources which include metals such as iron, copper and uranium.

5. It helps predict the state of the atmosphere for a future time and a given location through weather forecasting

A branch of science that deals with the study of Universe

Cosmology

Binds atoms into molecules

Electromagnetic force

Gravity

- attraction between bodies

- Binds protons and neutrons together in the nucleus

Strong Nuclear Force

Weak Nuclear Force

Breaks down an atom’s nucleus and produces radioactive decay

the most basic building block of the universe

Quarks

The universe was cool enough to allow quarks to combine to form hadrons. (e.g. protons and neutrons)

Hadron Epoch

• the planet closest to the Sun

• smallest and fastest

• Hermes-the messenger of the gods

Mercury

Brightest planet /Hottest

• “evening star” during March and April

• “morning star” during September and October

• Earth’s twin

• Aphrodite - the goddess of love and beauty

Venus

Blue planet

• temperature extremes of day and night are conducive to life

• only planet known to support life

• Gaia - mother of all life

Earth

• Red planet

• two moons; Phobos and Deimos

• Olympus Mons - The largest volcano

• Ares - the god of war

Mars

-Closest planets to the sun and all have rocky surface

-Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars

Terrestrial Planet

-They are all bigger than the Earth and are mostly made up of gas.

-Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune

JOVIAN PLANETS

largest planet

• “giant planet”

• giant red spot

• Zeus - the king of gods

Jupiter

composed of hydrogen and helium

• 4 major rings and hundreds of ringlets

• the middle ring is the brightest

• 23 moons; Titan- largest moon

• Cronus - the god of time and agriculture

Saturn

An ice gian blue-green color planet

• cold planet

• Uranus / Ouranus - god of the sky

Uranus

The farthest planet from the Sun,

• An ice giant known for its deep blue color and strong winds. • has 8 moons

• Triton – largest moon

• Poseidon - The god of the sea

Neptune

The tendency of an object to stay either at rest or in motion along straight path.

Inertia

- is a celestial body that orbits the Sun, has enough mass for its gravity to form it into a nearly round shape, but has not cleared its orbital path of other debris

Dwarf Planets

Qualification of being a dwarf planet

1. Orbits the Sun: Like planets, dwarf planets orbit the Sun.

2. Nearly Round Shape: They have enough mass for their gravity to shape them into a nearly round form.

3. Has Not Cleared Its Orbit: Unlike planets, dwarf planets have not cleared their orbital path of other debris.

4. Not a Moon: They are not satellites of other planets

Once considered the ninth planet, Pluto is now classified as a dwarf planet. It resides in the Kuiper Belt. Largest dwarf planet

Pluto

- Located in the asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter. The closest dwarf planet to the sun.

Ceris

is the most massive and second-largest known dwarf planet in the Solar System

Eris

- is slightly smaller than Pluto, and is the second-brightest object in the Kuiper Belt as seen from Earth while Pluto is the brightest.

Makemake

- Known for its elongated shape due to its rapid rotation. It is located in the Kuiper Belt

Haumea

- small rocky bodies

• Ceres- largest asteroid

• minor planets

• Asteroid Belt- found between Mars and Jupiter

Asteroids

- small rocky metallic bodies in space. • meteors – travelling through Earth’s atmosphere • “shooting star/falling stars” • meteorite- when it reaches the ground

Meteoroids

-small body of rocks, ice and gases that orbit the sun composed of a nucleus called coma. -Kuiper belt- an area outside the orbit of Pluto

Comets

Shape of the earth

Oblate Spheroid. – The term "Oblate" refers to its slightly oblong appearance. • The term "Spheroid" means that it is almost a sphere, but not quite. – The Earths shape is only very slightly oblate.

Spaceship are found

Exosphere

Aurora and Satellite are found

Thermosphere

Meteors

Mesosphere

Ozone layer

Stratosphere

Airplane and Hot air balloon are found

Troposphere

Hydrosphere

The subsystem that features all the various types of water, which make our planet unique, belong to the hydrosphere (hydro means “water”).

• Water is one amongst the most important substances without water, life wouldn't be possible.

• Of all the water that exists on our planet, roughly 97% is saltwater and less than 3% is freshwater.

Geosphere

Earth’s land is part of the subsystem geosphere (geo means “earth”). • The Earth’s geosphere, sometimes also called the Lithosphere (litho = stone or rock),

• the portion of the planet that features rocks and minerals particularly in crust and layer. We depend upon the Geosphere to produce natural resources and an area to grow food. Volcanoes, mountain ranges, deserts, and other natural resource are all a part of the Geosphere

Biosphere

It includes all life on earth.

• Most life is on the surface. On water, air, or land.

• All organism was depend on the physical environment for the basics of life

• It was the thinnest and the outermost layer of the earth. It is also the surface of the Earth.

• It was also divided into two regions the Continental Crust and the Oceanic crust

Crust

• Mainly made up of Silicon, Oxygen, Aluminum, Calcium, Sodium, and Potassium.

• Found under land masses.

• Made of less dense rocks.

• Its thickness is about 35-40 km • Exceeds up to 70 km into the mountain regions

Continental Crust

• Found under the ocean floor.

• Its thickness is around 7-10 km.

• Made of dense rocks.

• Heavier and younger than the continental crust.

Oceanic Crust

• Found under the crust.

• Measures about 2900 kilometers from the earth surface.

• Mainly made up of elements Silicon, Oxygen, Iron, Magnesium.

• The mantle is the largest and thickest layer of Earth, making up 84% of the planet's total volume, according to National Geographic

Mantle

• Its composition is Iron and Nickel alloy.

• It can be found under the mantle

Core

• Made up of solid Iron and Nickel.

• Its temperature reaches 5000 degrees Celsius.

• It was solidified as a result of pressure freezing

Inner Core

• Made up of liquid Iron and Nickel.

• Its temperature reaches 2000 degrees Celsius.

• It was melted

Outer Core

is a science that deals with the origin, history, occurrence, structure, chemical composition, and classification of rocks.

Petrology

§naturally occurring aggregate or combination of minerals such as fossils and glass.

§ is natural, solid, nonliving- material made of one or more minerals.

§ natural building blocks of the Earth’s lithosphere

Rock

are formed from the cooling and solidification of molten rock material called magma.

Igneous Rocks

Form below the surface by slow cooling from large crystals

form when magma cools slowly below the Earth's surface, resulting in a large crystal.

Intrusive Igneous

– Form at or near the surface by rapid cooling from fine crystals

Formed from lava that cools quickly on the Earth’s surface, resulting in small crystals. Most extrusive (volcanic) rocks have small crystals.

EXTRUSIVE IGNEOUS

are formed from the accumulation of minerals and organic particles.

Sedimentary Rocks

Made from the fragments of other rocks

Classic Sedimentary Rocks

•Formed from mineral precipitation

NON-CLASTIC SEDIMENTARY

Composed of Organic Materials

ORGANIC SEDIMENTARY

are formed from the transformation of existing rock types through heat, pressure, or chemically active fluids.

Metamorphic Rocks

•Have a layered or banded appearance

Foliated Metamorphic

Do not have a layered texture.

Non-Foliated metamorphic

•Naturally occurring

•Inorganic substance

•Building blocks of rocks

Minerals

The way a mineral reflects light.

metallic glassy

Luster

•Refers to the property of minerals to break along definite plane surfaces

Cleavage

•The appearance of the mineral in reflected light

Color

•Refers to the property of being attracted to or repelled by a magnet

Magnetism

•The pattern in which a mineral breaks other than along cleavage planes.

Fracture

•Refers to the visible  shape exhibited by the  minerals

Crystal Habit

•The color of the mineral in powdered form.

Streak

Hardest rock in the world

Diamond