Health Science Theory Ch4 Foundation

During what developmental stage do children begin developing a conscience, morals, and self-esteem?

School-age (6–12 years old).

At what developmental stage might a person experience slower metabolism, decreased strength, and difficulty maintaining weight?

Middle adulthood (40–65 years old).

What developmental stage is marked by rapid physical changes, puberty, and identity exploration?

Adolescence (12–18 years old).

What is the main developmental task of early adulthood (20–40 years old)?

Establishing intimate relationships and choosing a career/lifestyle.

In older adulthood (65+ years), what major challenge do people often face emotionally?

Coping with losses (friends, spouse, independence, health).

List two basic physiological needs.

Food, water, oxygen, rest, elimination, physical safety (any two).

List two psychosocial needs.

Love and belonging, self-esteem, self-actualization, social interaction (any two)

What does it show when a person can adapt to change, get along with others, and take responsibility for decisions and actions?

Emotional maturity and good mental health.

What is the PCT’s role in supporting a patient’s psychosocial needs?

Offer respect, listen, provide reassurance, encourage independence, and involve them in decisions when possible.

Bipolar disorder causes a person to cycle between what two extremes?

Mania (high energy, impulsivity) and depression (sadness, hopelessness).

What is schizophrenia?

A severe mental disorder that may cause delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thinking, and difficulty functioning in daily life.

List two types of treatment for mental health disorders.

Medication and therapy (also support groups, hospitalization, counseling).

How might untreated mental illness affect a patient’s care?

Poor cooperation, noncompliance with treatment, risk of self-harm, difficulty communicating needs.

Why is it important for PCTs to report changes in a patient’s mood or behavior?

Early recognition helps prevent harm and ensures timely treatment by licensed staff.

What types of legal substances may be abused?

Alcohol, tobacco, prescription medications (such as opioids, benzodiazepines).

Why is safety considered a physiological need?

Because it directly impacts survival (protection from harm, injury, or infection).

How might someone who was legally prescribed an opioid painkiller become addicted to illegal drugs?

They may develop dependence and, when prescriptions run out, turn to illegal drugs like heroin or fentanyl to satisfy cravings.

What should a PCT do if they observe signs of substance use disorder in a patient?

Report observations to the nurse immediately — do not confront or ignore it.

List three signs of possible substance abuse.

Sudden mood swings, poor hygiene, slurred speech, drowsiness, needle marks, secretive behavior (any three).

Why is substance use disorder considered a disease?

Because it changes brain function, creates physical/psychological dependence, and requires treatment.

If a patient refuses a meal, what is the PCT’s responsibility?

Document and report refusal to the nurse — do not force or argue with the patient.

If a patient expresses feelings of worthlessness or talks about not wanting to live, what should the PCT do?

Report immediately to the nurse — treat as an urgent safety concern.

Why must a PCT respect patient confidentiality?

It’s required by HIPAA and protects the patient’s privacy and trust.

What should a PCT do if they don’t understand an assignment or are unsure how to perform a task?

Ask the nurse or supervisor for clarification — never guess or perform beyond training.

If a patient’s vital signs are abnormal, what should the PCT do first?

Report immediately to the nurse — do not attempt to interpret or treat on your own.

Why is infection control important for PCTs?

To protect patients, staff, and self from disease transmission.

What is the correct action if a PCT notices a patient’s IV line is leaking?

Notify the nurse right away — do not attempt to fix the IV yourself.

Why is patient dignity important in care?

Preserves self-esteem, builds trust, and improves overall healing and cooperation.

What should a PCT do if they suspect elder abuse or neglect?

Report immediately to the nurse or supervisor following facility policy — it is mandatory to report suspicions.

What is the difference between subjective and objective patient information?

Objective = measurable facts (vital signs, lab results). Subjective = what the patient reports (pain, nausea, emotions).