FOOT DEFORMITIES

Talus
calcaenus
navicular
cuneiforms
cuboid

tarsal bones

navicular bone

The most critical bone in maintaining the medial arch;

Plantar fascia

fascia: A thick band of connective tissue that spans from the calcaneus to the toes, supporting the arch of the foot.

Tibialis posterior tendon

This tendon plays a major role in supporting the medial
arch. Dysfunction or weakness of the tibialis posterior muscle and tendon is a
common cause of acquired flatfoot.

Medial longhitudinal arch

- The most significant arch affected in pes planus, located
along the inner side of the foot.
- plays a critical role in weight-bearing and shock absorption during standing, walking, and running. It helps to distribute forces evenly across the foot and contributes to overall balance and stability.

Pes cavus

cavus is a foot with an abnormally high plantar longitudinal arch. People who have this condition will place too much weight and stress on the ball and heel of the foot while standing and/or walking.

Pes cavovarus

the most common type of pes cavus, is seen primarily in neuromuscular disorders such as Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease

pes calcaenocavus

which is seen primarily following paralysis of the triceps surae due to poliomyelitis, the calcaneus is dorsiflexed and the forefoot is plantarflexed. Radiological
analysis of pes calcaneocavus reveals a large talo-calcaneal angle.

poliomyelitis
spinal cord tumors
polyneuritis

neuro condition etiology of pes cavus

forefoot pes cavus

- unopposed contraction (or passive contracture) of the peroneus longus and resultant plantarflexion of the first ray.

hindfoot drives pes cavus

- varus malalignment of the hindfoot, often in a
compensatory pattern.

coleman block test

determines if the subtalar joint is flexible. The test is performed by having a patient stand with a 1-inch wood block under the heel and lateral foot.

Pes planus

foot) is the loss of the medial longitudinal arch of the foot, heel valgus deformity, and medial talar prominence

Flexible flat foot

The longitudinal arches of the foot are present on heel
elevation (tiptoe standing) and non-bearing but disappear with full weight bearing on the
foot.

Rigid flat foot

The longitudinal arches of the foot are absent in both heel elevation (tiptoe standing) and weight bearing. This is normally associated with underlying pathology.

tight calf muscle
achilles tendon laxity
poor core stability

causes of failure to develop arch

plantas fascia

the most important stabilizer, followed by the spring ligament and other supporting structures.

Hallus valgus

- aka bunion
- the most common painful deformity of the big toe. This deformity in the great (large) toe develops as the proximal phalanx shifts laterally toward the second toe.

Multifactoral
Footwear
Congenital deformity
Familial

Etiology of hallus valgus

Congenital hallus valgus

type of hallux valgus where some babies are born with bunions

adolescent hallux valgus

types of bunions that affect people younger than 18.

Tailor's bunion

form at the base of your little (pinky) toe. They're usually
the result of wearing shoes that don't fit correctly or doing an activity that presses your little
toe in toward your other toes.

Equinus

- A condition in which the upward bending motion (dorsiflexion) of the ankle joint is limited.
- Lacks the flexibility to bring the top of the foot toward the front of the leg.

Plantar fasciitis
Calf cramping
tendonitis
Flatfoor
Ankle Sprain

clinical manifestation of equinus

Achilles tendon equinus

type of equinus whre it Affects the calf muscle

Gastrocnemius Equinus

Affects only the gastrocnemius

Silverskiold test

Assess ankle dorsiflexion when knee is both flexed and extended

Zone one

- Proximal femoral origin of gastrocnemius muscle body
- Focus on intramuscular lengthening of gastrocnemius and soleus musculature

Zone two

Gastrocnemius-aponeurosis soleus fascia complex: distal extent of med. Gastrocnemius
muscle belly to distal end of soleus muscle.

Zone three

- Distal aspect of soleus muscle to calcaneal tuberosity at Achilles tendon insertion
- When the cause is the Achilles tendon

Talipes equinovarus

- Also known as Clubfoot
- is a congenital (present at birth) condition in which your baby's foot or feet turn
inward.

Midfoot cavus
forefoot adductus
hindfoot varus
hindfoot equinus

four main components of talipes equinovarus

Kidney shaped feet
shorter foot
ankle deformities
inverted heel

Clinical manifestation of talipes equinovarus

Metatarsus adductus

adductus) is a foot deformity characterized by adduction of the forefoot, a convex lateral border of the foot, and a valgus position of the heel.

Serpentine foot

opening wedge and closing wedge osteotomies

Metatarsalgia

- is a syndrome characterized by pain localized in the region of the metatarsal heads.
- It can be acute, recurrent, or chronic and is associated with various etiologies, including vascular, avascular, mechanical, or neurogenic causes.

Iatrogenic metatarsalgia

metatarsalgia is a complication of forefoot surgery. For example, bunion surgery may lead to changes in your big toe that cause metatarsalgia pain. Other complications include broken bones (fractures) that don't heal properly (or at all) and avascular necrosis. While rare, these complications can occur.