Geography: Populations

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72 Terms

1

factors affecting population distribution

  • Relief - how high/low the land is

  • Climate - the temperature and weather aspects of the land

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2

Population distribution

the spread and pattern of where people live

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3

Population density

the measurement of the number of people in an area (usually measured in people per square km)

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Scales

  • Global

  • National

  • Regional

  • Local

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5

Factors that influence population density

  • Physical - relief, climate, resources

  • Human - political, social, economic

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6

M/LEDC

More/Less Economically Developed Country

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H/M/LIC

High/Medium/Low Income Country

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8

NIC

Newly Industrialised Country

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9

BRIC

Brazil, Russia, India, China - rising economic powers

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10

MINT

Mexico, Indonesia, Nigeria, Turkey - countries with potential for rapid economic growth

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CIVETS

Colombia, Indonesia, Vietnam, Egypt, Turkey, South Africa - countries with markets associated with rapid development and growth

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12

Next 11

Bangladesh, Egypt, Indonesia, Iran, Mexico, Nigeria, Pakistan, the Philippines, Turkey, South Korea, Vietnam - could become world’s largest economies

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13

CPE

Centrally Planned Economy

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14

RIC

Recently Industrialising Country

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15

Market Economy

An economic system where prices are made with no rules or restricted competition

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16

Core-Periphery theory

Explains regional inequalities by suggesting that core regions accumulate economic wealth and resources, while periphery regions experience a lack of investment and development

<p>Explains regional inequalities by suggesting that core regions accumulate economic wealth and resources, while periphery regions experience a lack of investment and development</p>
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Cores are characterised by

major world powers and the countries that contain much of the wealth of the planet.

  • Access to health care, education and technology

  • Water, food, energy security

  • high literacy rates, skill levels and foreign direct investment

  • distributes wealth to other regions to promote development

  • exports manufactured goods and services to other regions

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18

Peripheries are characterised by

countries that are not reaping the benefits of global wealth and globalisation.

  • lesser developed infrastructure, technology, transportation, etc.

  • lower literacy, skill and standard of living levels

  • high poverty levels

  • lack of job opportunities that lead to migration

  • resources moving from the periphery to the core to support industrial growth

  • water, food, energy insecurity

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19

Semi-periphery

some of the characteristics of core and peripheral countries.

  • industrialised

  • contribute to manufacturing and exportation of goods

  • above average land mass

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Friedmann’s Theory

Argued that beneficial effects will spread from the core to the periphery

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21

Backwash

rural populations migrating to core countries - effects the development of peripheries

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22

Migration

the movement of people, involving permanent change of residence

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23

Emigration

when someone leaves a country or place

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24

Immigration

when someones enters a country or place

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25

Asylum seeker

someone forced to migrate and is seeking protection from persecution or human rights violation

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Refugee

someone who is forced to migrate but they have a recognised status and already have asylum

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27

Political migration push factors

  • corruption

  • retaliation

  • taxes spent poorly

  • collapsed government

  • strict laws (against human rights)

  • dictatorship

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Political migration pull factors

  • high government satisfaction

  • taxes spent well

  • gender equality

  • stable democracy

  • tolerance for LGBTQ+

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29

Demographic transition

change in population

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30

crude birth rate

the number of live births occurring during the year per 1000 population

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crude death rate

the number of deaths occurring during the year per 1000 population

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32

natural increase formula

crude birth rate - crude death rate

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33

fertility rate

the average number of children that would be born alive to a woman during her lifetime

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34

population projection

the prediction of future populations based on present age-gender structure, and with present rates of fertility, mortality and migrations

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35

replacement level fertility

fertility rate that replaces population

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36

population momentum

tendency for population growth growth to continue beyond the time that replacement level fertility has achieved because of a relatively high concentration of people in the child bearing years

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37

demographic transition model

knowt flashcard image
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38

natural change

difference between the birth rate and death rate

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39

natural increase

when the number of births is higher than the number of deaths

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40

natural decrease

when the number of births is lower than the number of deaths

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41

Stage 1 (demographic transition model)

  • lots of fluctuating

  • low population

  • population is increasing very slowly

  • high birth/death rates

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Stage 2 (demographic transition model)

  • population is growing faster

  • decreasing death rate

  • still a high birth rate, but slowly declining

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43

Stage 3 (demographic transition model)

  • population still increasing, but the rate of increase is slowing down

  • decreasing birth rate

  • low death rate

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Stage 4 (demographic transition model)

  • high population

  • growth starting to plateau (less fast)

  • low birth rate

  • low death rate

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45

Stage 5 (demographic transition model)

  • population growth declining

  • birth rate lower than death rate

  • no population momentum anymore

  • what could be the main driver behind low birth rates

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46

population pyramid

a graph showing the age-sex distribution of a given population

<p>a graph showing the age-sex distribution of a given population</p>
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information given by a population pyramid

  • age and sex structure of a population

  • birth rates

  • death rates

  • immigration and emigration

  • number of dependents (15>n>65)

  • life expectancy

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48

population explosion in LEDCs

  • less access to contraceptives

  • labour opportunities

  • growing economy

  • religion

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population decline in MEDCs

  • more access to contraceptives

  • independence/liberal

  • better education (awareness of safe sex)

  • family planning

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50

dependency ratio

age-population ratio of those typically not working. this ratio is used to measure the financial pressure on the actively working population.

higher ratio = bigger burden on working-age people
lower ratio = more people are working who can support the dependent population

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51

total (age) dependency ratio

population (0-14) + population (64+) x 100
working age population (15-64)

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child dependency ratio

population (0-14) x 100
working age population (15-64)

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53

old age dependency ratio

population (64+) x 100
working age population (15-64)

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54

productive population

same as working population

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55

ageing population issues

  • stress on retirement funds

  • stress on healthcare sector (doctors, specialisation)

  • high demand for adequate housing, care, transportation, services, etc.

  • taxes raised to fulfil demands

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ageing population advantages

  • growing market for leisure and health products

  • high demand for housing in certain “retirement locations”

  • a large proportion of ageing people can add experience to work force

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how to improve low fertility rates

  • raise retirement age

  • increase taxes

  • abolish state pensions

  • support population growth

    • subsidies

    • social help

    • adjust laws

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58

youthful population advantages

  • provides a large and cheap workforce

  • big working class could be a large base tax

  • big working class could be a large market

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youthful population disadvantages

  • lack of services and facilities for all young people

  • strain on food supplies

  • strain on accommodation

  • lack of job opportunities in the future

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60

megacity

city with a population of 10 million or more.
attracts people because of:
- work opportunities
- closer services/amenities
- transport
- culture
- family

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61

types of forced migration

  • conflict-induced displacement

  • development-induced displacement

  • disaster-induced displacement

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62

pro-natalist

promoting and advertising more child birth through methods such as:

  • adverts

  • billboards

    • speeches

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63

anti-natalist

being openly against large rates of childbirths

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64

pro natalist policies

  • subsidies daycare for children

  • paid parental/maternity leave

  • tax benefits for families with children

    • child support/family allowance

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65

anti-natalist policies

  • encourage use of contraceptives

  • one child policy

  • access to education

  • forced sterilisation or abortion (or banning)

  • encourage family planning

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66

gender inequality

major barrier to human development. women/girls are discriminated in health, education, political representation, etc. negative consequences for development of their capabilities and freedom of choice

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why is there a gender pay gap

  • physical advantages

  • social norms from years ago

  • maternity leave

  • culture

  • status/rights of women

  • quality/length of education

  • migration

  • family sizes

  • legal rights

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68

gender pay gap reduction challenges

  • unpaid work - women are the dominant carers which doesn’t have economical value

  • traditional family set up - women are more likely to take maternal leave

  • national policies - some national policies encourage women to take more leave than their male partners

  • work culture - male attitudes are less favourable to women

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69

human trafficking

illegal transportation and/or exploitation or human parts. It is usually for the purpose of forced labour or sexual exploitation

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how to prevent human trafficking

  • international treaties/policies

  • victim identification

  • legal assistance and involvement

    • provision of immediate protection and support

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71

demographic dividend

the economic growth that may result from changes to a country’s age structure. it refers to a bulge in the number of adults in a population. It occurs when fertility rates decline, which is often followed by a decline in infant & child mortality rates and increase in life expectations

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72

benefits of demographic dividends

  • labour supply - economy can take in and productively employ more workers

  • savings - more disposable income which fuels the economy

  • human capital

  • economic growth - increase in GDP per capita due to decreasing dependency ratio

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