Biology Chapters 5 and 6

Cellular Respiration

What do we call the overall process of breaking down organic molecules, like glucose, to make ATP?

Mitochondria

What is “the powerhouse of the cell”?

Cristae

Into what is the inner-membrane of the mitochondria folded?

Middle

Where is the mitochondrial matrix?

Last electron receptor

In the mitochondria of the cell, what is the role of oxygen?

Water

What is made when oxygen accepts electrons?

Glycolysis

What is the first stage of cellular respiration?

Cytoplasm

Where in the cell does glycolysis occur?

Two

How many ATP (net) are made in glycolysis?

NADH

What else is produced in glycolysis?

Ten

How many chemical steps are involved in glycolysis?

Acetyl CoA

Into what is pyruvate changed in the preparatory reaction?

No

Are there any ATP made in the preparatory reaction?

Yes

Are any NADH made in the preparatory reaction?

As Carbon Dioxide (CO2)

Pyruvate is a three-carbon molecule and acetyl CoA is a two-carbon molecule. During the preparatory reaction, how is this carbon lost?

Mitochondrial Matrix

Where does the Citric Acid Cycle (also called the Kreb’s cycle) take place?

NADH and FADH2

What types of electron carriers are made in the Citric Acid/Kreb’s Cycle?

Twice

How many times does the Citric Acid/Kreb’s Cycle turn for each glucose molecule taken in?

ETC (Electron Transport Chain)

How many times does the Citric Acid/Kreb’s Cycle turn for each glucose molecule taken in?

To pump protons (H+)

When the electrons are shuttled along the chain, a small amount of energy is released. For what is this energy used?

ATP Synthase

What is the name of the enzyme/protein by which the protons came back into the mitochondrial matrix?

ETC (Electron Transport Chain)

What makes most of the ATP of cellular respiration?

Prokaryotes

What type of cells don’t have mitochondria?

Two

How many ATP are made in lactic acid formation?

Speed

What is the advantage of making ATP with lactic acid formation?

Yeast

Which type of creature uses alcohol fermentation to make ATP?

Without oxygen

What does anaerobic mean?

With oxygen

What does aerobic mean?

Plants, algae, cyanobacteria, and some protists

What are the examples we looked at of photosynthetic organisms?

Producers

Which type of organism has the ability to make carbohydrates?

Consumers

Which type of organisms must eat food?

Carbon Dioxide

What necessary ingredient for photosynthesis enters the lead through openings called stomata?

Cellular Respiration (as a waste product)

From where does CO2 often come?

Water and minerals

What else is needed (besides carbon dioxide and sunlight) for photosynthesis?

Roots

What do most plants use for water and mineral absorption?

Chloroplasts

What are the organelles of plants which carry out photosynthesis?

Thylakoids

What do we call the flat sacs we can see in the chloroplasts?

Pigments (such as chlorophyll)

What do the thylakoids use to absorb solar energy?

As photons

How do we measure the energy of sunlight?

To electrons

Where does photosynthesis transfer the photon energy of sunlight?

To carbon dioxide

To what does the NADP+ Coenzyme transfer the high energy electrons?

Glucose

Which type of carbohydrate subunit is made by photosynthesis?

Light reactions and Calvin Cycle reactions

What are the two sets of reactions needed to make glucose?

Thylakoid membrane

In which part of the chloroplast are the light reactions?

Stroma

In which part of the chloroplast are the Calvin Cycle reactions?

Reds

Which colors of light have the longest wavelengths?

Violets

Which colors of light have the shortest wavelengths?

Green (and sometimes yellow)

Which color of light is not used by the chlorophyll pigments of plant cells and thus reflected?

Fall

When do we see other colors reflected from leaves due to the chlorophyll breaking down and uncovering the carotenoid pigments?

Photons

What do both photosystems II and I collect?

Splits water

How does the reaction center of photosystem II replace its’ escaped electrons?

ETC (Electron Transport Chain)

Where do the escaped electrons go?

ATP Synthase

How is most of the ATP produced?

Carbon dioxide

What do the Calvin Cycle reactions use for making sugars?

Light reactions

The Calvin Cycle reactions require a lot of energy, where are these energy producing molecules (ATP and NADPH) produced?

CO2 Fixation

What is the first step of the Calvin Cycle

Rubisco

Which enzyme attaches a CO2 molecule to RuBP?

CO2 Reduction

What is the second step of the Calvin Cycle?

G3P

What carbohydrate is produced by CO2 reduction?

Oils, proteins, carbohydrates

What can plants make with G3P?

Sucrose

Which molecules do plants use to transport carbohydrates from one part of the plant to another?

Yes

Are there difference types of photosynthesis?