CH15: ADPATIVE SPECIFIC IMMUNITY + VACCINES

Specific resistance = produces specific antibody/or Tcell against specific pathogens 

• Antigens: marker molecules on your own body cells or foreigners?

  • are they small or large? 

• 2 important traits =

  • ___ (stimulate antibody production)

  • ____ (antigen reacts= specifically to the produced antibody) 

• foreigners

• large

• immunogenecity

• reactivity

name 4 Phagocytic cells

neutrophil, macrophage, dendritic cells, eosinophils

_____: tells immune system our own cells are “self”

• function: the “display case” for APCs to present ___

• Is this acquired or determined by our genetics?

• how many classes?

• Which class will elicit a response after a tissue transplant? 

• Which class is found on macrophages, B-cells but don’t cause antibody production in transplants?

• major histocompatibility complex (MHC)

• antigen

• genetics

• 3

• MHC1

• MHC2

• what kind of disease is it when a cell comes in contact with an foreign cell but that foreign cell was yours all along?

autoimmune disease

• what are antigens part of (of the cell)?

• ____: idea that antigens stimulate production of antibodies and/or proliferation of specific Tcells 

• Cell wall, cell membrane, capsule, virus envelope, flagella, toxin 

• immunogenicity

3 types of antigens:

• ____: normal cell antigen

• ____ : toxins or components of microbe

  cell walls/cellmembranes/flagella/

  pilli/etc…

• endogenous antigen: protozoan/fungi/bacteria/viruses that reproduce ___ body cells

• What’s a specific example of a toxin, secretion, or structural component of a microbe?

  • is this endo or exogenous?

• Is an infected host cell due to endogenous or exogenous antigen?

• lipid A/LPS

• exogenous

• endogenous

____: cells with “skill set” to capture, ingest, degrade antigens into ____ → presents it to Bcells/Tcells 

• Function in more detail: Phagocytize microbe, digest it, place parts of microbe on its cell surface with the ___ (the “equipment”) → travels to lymphoid tissue to show “educated” ____ 

• 3 examples?

  • which is the body’s primary APC?

• antigen presenting cells (APC)

• epitopes

• MHC2

• lymphocytes

• macrophages, dendritic cells, Bcells

• macrophage

• what class of MHC markers will you find on APC’s surface? 

• can Bcell process microbes via direct contact with antigen itself (so no APC used)?

  • does Bcell still require interleukin from a helper Tcell?

• MHC2

• yes

• yes

Tcells: assist in initiating ALL immune reactions

• if absent, person is super ____

• origin?

• maturation site?

• what do their T cell receptors look like?

• immunocompromised

• red bone marrow

• thymus

• 2 parallel sticks

what type of cell, if absent, causes person to be super immunocompromised?

Tcells

• Helper Tcell activation:

  • Physically touch antigen using ___

  • ____ secretes interleukin __?

• Who do helper 1s help activate?

• Who do helper 2s help activate? 

• APC

• macrophage

• IL-1

• cytotoxic Tcell

• Bcell

How are Cytotoxic T cells activated:

• Physically touch antigen using ___

• ____ secretes interleukin __?

• How do cytotoxic T cells attack their target?

• APC

• helper Tcell

• IL-2

• lymphotoxins (granzymes and perforins)

• Bcell origin?

• maturation site?

• what do Bcell receptors look like? 

• Activation of a Bcell:

  • Physically touch ___ and ____

  • ___ secretes interleukin ___

• red bone marrow

• red bone marrow

• Y-shape

• antigen

• helper Tcell

• helper Tcell

• IL-2

• What do activated B cells differentiate into?

• What do Plasma cells produce?

• memory Bcell allows for a ___ reaction time next time the specific antigen is present

• memory cells and plasma cells

• antibodies

• shorter

4 functions of antibodies:

• ___ = activates complement

• ___= stimulate phagocytosis

• ____ = causes large clumps that ties up microbes

• ____ = microbe cant bind to its target cell HEHEHEH

• MAC

• opsonization

• antigen-antibody aggregation

• neutralization

ANTIBODIES

• Which is most abundant?

• Which exists as a pentamer?

• Which can’t escape the blood?

• Which is found in bodily secretions, hence is called “secretory immunoglobin” (ex: in breastmilk)?

• Which can cross the placenta?

• Which is high during helminth infection?

• Which serves as a receptor on B cells?

• Which stimulates histamine?

• Which is produced first?

• Which is produced second?

• igG

• igM

• igM

• igA

• igG

• igE

• igD

• igE

• igM

• igG

• What type of helper Tcell stimulates B cells? 

• What type of helper Tcell stimulates cytotoxic Tcells?

• What type of T cell has a CD4?

• What type of T cell has a CD8?

• What cytokine do helper T cells secrete? 

• helper Tcell 2

• helper Tcell 1

• helper Tcell

• cytotoxic Tell

• IL-2

What type of T cells are the “brakes” to a response to antigens around 2 weeks after ~ weeks. 

regulatory Tcells

different immunities

• ____= somebody is sick and gets u sick

• ____ =  vaccine 

• ____= mother passes down to baby

• ____ = antibiotics

• natural active

• artificial active

• natural passive

• artificial passive

Live, attenuates vaccines

• how many immunity levels does it activate?

• is it storeable long term?

• can it cause infection?

• does it require multiple shots/boosters?

• can it revert back to full virulence?

• ALL 3 (humoral, cellular, adaptive)

• NO

• yes
  NO

• yes

Inactivated vaccines

• how many levels of immunity does it activate?

• is it storeable long term?

• can it generally cause infection?

• is it stronger or weaker than live attenuated vaccine?

• does it require multiple shots/boosters?

• can it be passed down to new host?

• only humoral

• YES

• NO

• weaker

• YES

• NO

• function of a subunit category of vaccine: exposes patient to ___ of the pathogen

  • these antigens were treated before injection to make it less virulent

  • is there a high risk of side effects?

• key antigens

• NO

___: inactivated bacterial toxin used as vaccine

• Functions to activate humoral immunity to ____ the toxin 

• toxoid

• neutralize

what’s the only thing Bcell doesnt require to be activated?

complement