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Articles of Confederation
The first governing document of the United States, establishing a "firm league of friendship" among sovereign states.
Weaknesses of Articles
The federal government lacked power to tax, had no executive or judiciary branch, and required a supermajority for laws and unanimous agreement for amendments.
Shay’s Rebellion
A revolt caused by increased state taxes and foreclosures, highlighting the weaknesses of the federal government in responding to crises.
Great Compromise
An agreement creating a bicameral legislature with representation based on population in the House and equal representation in the Senate.
3/5 Compromise
A formula for counting slaves as three-fifths of a person for representation and taxation purposes.
Ratification
The process requiring approval from nine states to adopt the Constitution, with Federalists advocating for unity and Anti-Federalists concerned about federal power.
Checks and Balances
A system ensuring that no branch of government becomes too powerful by allowing each branch to limit the powers of the others.
Legislative Branch
The branch of government responsible for making laws, confirming appointments, and declaring war.
Necessary and Proper Clause
A constitutional provision allowing Congress to create laws needed to execute its enumerated powers.
War Powers
The authority of the legislature to declare war, while the executive serves as commander in chief of the military.
Writ of Habeas Corpus
A legal right ensuring individuals know the charges against them.
Ex Post Facto
A law that prohibits punishing individuals for actions that were not illegal at the time they were committed.
Executive Branch
The branch responsible for enforcing laws, conducting foreign policy, and commanding the military.
Judicial Branch
The branch that interprets laws and the Constitution, ensuring they are applied fairly.
Definition of Treason
A legal definition that prevents the government from unjustly targeting opposition.
Supremacy Clause
A constitutional provision stating that the Constitution is the supreme law of the land.
Federalist 10
An essay arguing that a large, diverse republic can mitigate the dangers of factions that threaten individual rights.
Brutus 1
An argument against the Constitution, claiming that the federal government would become too powerful and undermine state rights.
Federalist 51
An essay emphasizing the importance of checks and balances and the need for government to control itself while governing the people.
Note 
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