Government

good luck!

Reasons for Revolution

Taxes - Tea, sugar, stamps

British Monopoly - have to buy from Britain

Taxation without equal representation

Must serve and Quarter troops

Freedom of movement - can’t expand

Boston Massacre


1. Propaganda - didn’t include black man, no snowballs drawn

Hobbes Theory

* Divine right of kings (God picks king)
* Total Government Control
* no freedom

Locke’s Theory (social contract theory)

* 3 human rights


1. Life
2. liberty
3. property

* Less secure
* very free

Monarchy

* absolute control


1. fast decisions that can be good or bad

example - Henry the 8th

* constitutional control


1. figurehead that gets taxpayer money

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Anarchy

No national government

make decisions based on group or town

Oligarchy

Rule by small group

lead to arguments and war

unstable

Dictatorship

taken by force

very unstable

example: North Korea

Constitutional Republic

USA

executive

legislative

judicial

Unitary System

One Government

get things done fast, but government has to cover lots of issues so it goes slowly if there is lots of problems

laws are uniform over the country

Federal system

National Government - deal with problems that effect more than one state

State government - Deal with problems that effect more than one city

Local Government - problems dealt with at local level

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* Supremacy Clause - if there is a dispute between governments, National government wins (if constitutional)

Con-Federal System

State is supreme

doesn’t have to follow National Government

Articles of Confederation

First draft of Constitution

Federal Powers

* foreign relations
* war/alliances
* trade
* 9/13 states agree for new law 13/13 for ammendment

State Powers

* Own sovereignty or rule over territory
* taxes
* print own money
* state militia

Issues with Articles of Confederation

1. States can tariff each other
2. states can nullify federal laws
3. States can print own money
4. Federal can’t tax
5. No standing Army, only state militias

Constitutional Convention

Wrote Constitution in secret

Make a federal system

James Madison (father of constitution)

James Madison

Father of Constitution

takes notes

1/3 authors of Federalist Papers

Wrote Bill of Rights

Great Compromise

Virginia Plan - Higher population = more representatives

New Jersey Plan - All states equal representatives

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Bicameral Legislature - Combines both plans, each state gets 2 senators and house of representatives based on population to pass state laws

3/5th Compromise

3 of every 5 slaves count for representation

gave more representation in the South

Federalists

Pro Constitution

Federal system

George Washington

Hamilton

John Adams

James Madison

Anti Federalists

Wanted to improve Articles of Confederation

Con-Federal system

Thomas Jefferson

John Hancock

Samuel Adams

6 Principles of US Government

1. Popular Sovereignty
2. Limited Government
3. Separation of Powers
4. Checks and Balances
5. Judicial Review
6. Federalism

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Popular Sovereignty

Majority Rules

Minorities retain Rights

Limited Government

Government can only do what the constitution allows

leaders must follow laws

Separation of Powers

Split power into 3 branches

Legislative - write laws

Executive - enforce laws

Judicial - interpret laws

Checks and Balances

Judicial Review

Declare Laws Unconstitutional

Federalism

National is supreme over state/local

Expressed Powers

written in constitution

Federal Government Powers

* declare wars, trade, tax, etc..

Reserved Powers

State Powers

all powers not given to Federal goes to state

* Local elections, licenses

Concurrent Powers

Shared powers between State and Federal

* Enforce laws, tax, punish criminals

Implied Powers

Powers Government has that aren’t in the constitution

* Draft, IRS, Homeland Security

Commerce Clause

Federal Government controls businesses and markets

states can’t tariff each other or alliance

Supremacy Clause

National over State?

Necessary and Proper Clause

elastic clause?

Prior Restraint

Government stops you from using your rights before you use them

* government stops a violent protest with proof before it occurs

Bill of Rights

First 10 Amendments

From James Madison

1st Amendment

Religion

Assembly

Press

Speech

Petition

2nd Amendment

Bear Arms

State Militias

3rd Amendment

No Quartering Troops

4th Amendment

No unlawful search and seizure

Fruit of the poisonous tree

evidence found during an illegal search cannot be used in court unless dire circumstances

5th Amendment

Plead the 5th

Eminent Domain

Grand Jury

Double Jeopardy

Due Process of Law

6th Amendment

Location of trial

Attorney

Witness

Jury

Informed of Charges

Fair and Speedy Trial

7th Amendment

Jury Present in civil cases

8th Amendment

No excessive bail, fine or cruel or unusual punishment

9th Amendment

You have more rights than listed

10 Amendment

If federal Government isn’t given a power, goes to state

Limits on Free Speech

Start Riots

Threats

Encourage a Crime

Defamation of Character

Perjury - lie under oath

Plagiarism

Schenck vs US

Wrote pamphlets to encourage people to not sign up for draft

US wins

words were a clear and present danger to the US

Texas vs Johnson

Johnson burns an American flag while protesting Regan

Johnson wins

using symbolic speech and was burning his own flag

Brandenburg vs Ohio

KKK meeting, says “going to take Revengence on black community” in 3 months time

Brandenburg Wins

Revengence isn’t a word, no clear and present danger

Tinker vs DesMoines

Kids wear black armbands in school to protest Vietnam war, school makes a rule against the bands

Tinker Wins

Clothing is symbolic speech, the new rule targeted them

Morse vs Fredrick

Fredrick has “Bong hits 4 Jesus” sign on school trip

Morse Wins

School is the guardian, disruption of others, drug use promotion

Establishment Clause

No official religion of the US

Free Exercise Clause

you make practice any religion as long as you follow laws

Civil Forfeiture

Government can take property/cash if suspected as being part of criminal activity

(don’t have to be charged to lose property)

Political Party Values

(study ur notes)

Example of Effective 3rd Party

Clinton, George H.W. Bush and Perot

Bush had previously raised taxes

Perot says nah, instead we should just not spend more than we make

Clinton Wins due to the fact that the Republican vote was split between Bush and Perot

Incumbent

Current Person in office

High Rated Press

Transparent News

variety and liable sources

Journalists are safe

Low Rated Press

Authoritarian Courts

1 source for news

recent wars (conflict)

How to Spot Media Bias

Loaded badmouthing of others

Opinions not facts

out of context pictures and quotes

double standards

lack of coverage on topics that oppose them

Framing

Use different words to change someone’s opinion and make it sound better

* “Raise Taxes” → “Revenue Enhancement”

Unit 2

Bruh

House of Representatives

Based on Population

435 voting Representatives

2 year term limits - unlimited terms

Requirements For House of Representatives

US Citizen for 7 years

25 years old

live in that district

House of Representatives Leadership

1. Speaker of the House
2. Majority and Minority Party
3. Leaders and “whips” or both Parties

Senate

Equal Representation for all states

2 Senators per State

6 year Terms

Iowa - Joni Ernst and Chuck Grassly

Requirements for Senate

Citizen for 9 years

30 years old

live in that State

Senate Leadership

1. Vice President (President of the Senate) - Make sure there is order and break voting ties
2. President Pro Tempore (Backup for Vice President
3. Majority and Minority Parties
4. Majority and Minority Leaders and “whips”

Bicameral

Legislative congress with 2 branches

Benefits of Being in Congress

6 figure salary

Heath Insurance for life

Give contracts to personal companies (corrupt stocks)

Free Busniess travel

Constituent

Someone being represented

example - We are constituents of Chuck Grassley

Jobs of Congress

1. Representation - respond to issues and complaints
2. Lawmaking - write laws
3. Oversee Bureaucracy - Controls money to these departments, so in turn they get to check in and ask questions
4. Confirmation of Presidential Appointments and Treaties (ONLY SENATE) - determine if people are fit for their jobs
5. Investigate Operations of Government Agencies - prevent previous accidents for the future

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Bureaucracy

Departments the president is in charge of

Powers of House of Representatives

1. Lead Impeachments - indictments (charge with crime), need 51% vote
2. Decide Presidential Elections - if no one wins Electoral College with minimum 270 votes
3. “Power of the Purse” - work with bills that raise or lower taxes

Powers of the Senate

1. Impeachment Trials - unbias judges, 67% of vote to remove president
2. Ratify Treaties - approve or disapprove
3. Confirmation Power - make sure people are fit for their job
4. Decide Vice President

Steps for a Bill

1. Idea for Bill
2. Congress writes Bill
3. Introduced to the Floor (Either House or Senate
* House - goes into Hopper (mixes bills) and then put on 1 of 6 calendars for the future
* Senate - put on 1 of 2 calendars
4. Sent to a committee
5. They send it to Subcommittees to vote
6. Sent back to committee to vote
7. Sent to the Original Floor (from step 3) to vote (need 51%)
8. Sent to Opposite floor (opposite of step 3) to vote and have a conference committee make sure that both House and Senate bill match
9. Sent to President to vote (Sign, Veto or Pocket Veto)
* If Vetoed, Congress can vote again, must have 67% yes, president must sign

Pocket Veto

2 weeks before Congress Adjourns (December 23)

President lets bill “expire”

Line Item Veto

State Governor

Can veto small sections of bills if they like the rest of the bill

Standing Committee

Permanent

Select Committee

Temporary

used in uncommon scenarios - 9/11

Power of Committees and Subcommittees

Marking up/edit bills

Adding Riders/Earmarks to bills - “spending” additions to a bill

Porkbarrel Politics

adding a Rider that only benefits your state or district

Time Limits

House - 15 min

Senate - No Limit

Filibuster

Only Senate

Senator talks for a long time to delay a vote of or cancel a bill

Vote of Cloture

Ends all debate or Filibuster

needs 60 votes

Nuclear Option

Changing rules in Senate

needs 51% vote

Censure

Public Rebuke

Vote by congress to shame/shut up someone

Public doesn’t care as much

Special Interest Groups

people with common interest who want to influence Legislation

* National Rifle Association, AARP, World Wildlife Fund

Political Action Committee (PACs)

Raise/donate money to politicians

Lobbying - convince politicians to their cause in exchange for money

Gerrymandering

Redrawing district lines to favor a political party

State legislature normally draws these lines


1. Packing - Fit as many of opposing party into one district to eliminate them being in multiple districts
2. Cracking - divide them into multiple districts so they are the minority

only Illegal if districts are separated by race or similar issue

Majority - Minority Districts

majority of people in a district are minorities

Quorum

minimum number of people you need to vote

Francis Scott Key

Wrote star spangled banner

Unit 3

Requirements to be POTUS

1. 35 years old
2. US citizen for life
3. Live in the US for 14 consecutive years

Order of Power (Replacements)

1. President
2. Vice President
3. Speaker of the House
4. President Pro Tempore
5. more people after this, not important

President’s Jobs

(the Next Slides)

1. Commander In Cheif

Military powers - final say in major decisions (nukes, D-Day, Raid on Bin Laden)

Medal of Honor (president approval)

War Act of 1973

Authorization of the use of Military force (AUMF) - president can send troops to fight those responsible for 9/11

War Powers Act of 1973

1. President can send troops anywhere that Americans are threatened for 60 days plus 30 days of removal
2. Must Inform Congress within 48 hours (uses the gang of 8, informants)
3. After 60 days congress decides if troops stay or go if president hasn’t pulled them out