good luck!
Reasons for Revolution
Taxes - Tea, sugar, stamps
British Monopoly - have to buy from Britain
Taxation without equal representation
Must serve and Quarter troops
Freedom of movement - can’t expand
Boston Massacre
Propaganda - didn’t include black man, no snowballs drawn
Hobbes Theory
Divine right of kings (God picks king)
Total Government Control
no freedom
Locke’s Theory (social contract theory)
3 human rights
Life
liberty
property
Less secure
very free
Monarchy
absolute control
fast decisions that can be good or bad
example - Henry the 8th
constitutional control
figurehead that gets taxpayer money
Anarchy
No national government
make decisions based on group or town
Oligarchy
Rule by small group
lead to arguments and war
unstable
Dictatorship
taken by force
very unstable
example: North Korea
Constitutional Republic
USA
executive
legislative
judicial
Unitary System
One Government
get things done fast, but government has to cover lots of issues so it goes slowly if there is lots of problems
laws are uniform over the country
Federal system
National Government - deal with problems that effect more than one state
State government - Deal with problems that effect more than one city
Local Government - problems dealt with at local level
Supremacy Clause - if there is a dispute between governments, National government wins (if constitutional)
Con-Federal System
State is supreme
doesn’t have to follow National Government
Articles of Confederation
First draft of Constitution
Federal Powers
foreign relations
war/alliances
trade
9/13 states agree for new law 13/13 for ammendment
State Powers
Own sovereignty or rule over territory
taxes
print own money
state militia
Issues with Articles of Confederation
States can tariff each other
states can nullify federal laws
States can print own money
Federal can’t tax
No standing Army, only state militias
Constitutional Convention
Wrote Constitution in secret
Make a federal system
James Madison (father of constitution)
James Madison
Father of Constitution
takes notes
1/3 authors of Federalist Papers
Wrote Bill of Rights
Great Compromise
Virginia Plan - Higher population = more representatives
New Jersey Plan - All states equal representatives
Bicameral Legislature - Combines both plans, each state gets 2 senators and house of representatives based on population to pass state laws
3/5th Compromise
3 of every 5 slaves count for representation
gave more representation in the South
Federalists
Pro Constitution
Federal system
George Washington
Hamilton
John Adams
James Madison
Anti Federalists
Wanted to improve Articles of Confederation
Con-Federal system
Thomas Jefferson
John Hancock
Samuel Adams
6 Principles of US Government
Popular Sovereignty
Limited Government
Separation of Powers
Checks and Balances
Judicial Review
Federalism
Popular Sovereignty
Majority Rules
Minorities retain Rights
Limited Government
Government can only do what the constitution allows
leaders must follow laws
Separation of Powers
Split power into 3 branches
Legislative - write laws
Executive - enforce laws
Judicial - interpret laws
Checks and Balances
Judicial Review
Declare Laws Unconstitutional
Federalism
National is supreme over state/local
Expressed Powers
written in constitution
Federal Government Powers
declare wars, trade, tax, etc..
Reserved Powers
State Powers
all powers not given to Federal goes to state
Local elections, licenses
Concurrent Powers
Shared powers between State and Federal
Enforce laws, tax, punish criminals
Implied Powers
Powers Government has that aren’t in the constitution
Draft, IRS, Homeland Security
Commerce Clause
Federal Government controls businesses and markets
states can’t tariff each other or alliance
Supremacy Clause
National over State?
Necessary and Proper Clause
elastic clause?
Prior Restraint
Government stops you from using your rights before you use them
government stops a violent protest with proof before it occurs
Bill of Rights
First 10 Amendments
From James Madison
1st Amendment
Religion
Assembly
Press
Speech
Petition
2nd Amendment
Bear Arms
State Militias
3rd Amendment
No Quartering Troops
4th Amendment
No unlawful search and seizure
Fruit of the poisonous tree
evidence found during an illegal search cannot be used in court unless dire circumstances
5th Amendment
Plead the 5th
Eminent Domain
Grand Jury
Double Jeopardy
Due Process of Law
6th Amendment
Location of trial
Attorney
Witness
Jury
Informed of Charges
Fair and Speedy Trial
7th Amendment
Jury Present in civil cases
8th Amendment
No excessive bail, fine or cruel or unusual punishment
9th Amendment
You have more rights than listed
10 Amendment
If federal Government isn’t given a power, goes to state
Limits on Free Speech
Start Riots
Threats
Encourage a Crime
Defamation of Character
Perjury - lie under oath
Plagiarism
Schenck vs US
Wrote pamphlets to encourage people to not sign up for draft
US wins
words were a clear and present danger to the US
Texas vs Johnson
Johnson burns an American flag while protesting Regan
Johnson wins
using symbolic speech and was burning his own flag
Brandenburg vs Ohio
KKK meeting, says “going to take Revengence on black community” in 3 months time
Brandenburg Wins
Revengence isn’t a word, no clear and present danger
Tinker vs DesMoines
Kids wear black armbands in school to protest Vietnam war, school makes a rule against the bands
Tinker Wins
Clothing is symbolic speech, the new rule targeted them
Morse vs Fredrick
Fredrick has “Bong hits 4 Jesus” sign on school trip
Morse Wins
School is the guardian, disruption of others, drug use promotion
Establishment Clause
No official religion of the US
Free Exercise Clause
you make practice any religion as long as you follow laws
Civil Forfeiture
Government can take property/cash if suspected as being part of criminal activity
(don’t have to be charged to lose property)
Political Party Values
(study ur notes)
Example of Effective 3rd Party
Clinton, George H.W. Bush and Perot
Bush had previously raised taxes
Perot says nah, instead we should just not spend more than we make
Clinton Wins due to the fact that the Republican vote was split between Bush and Perot
Incumbent
Current Person in office
High Rated Press
Transparent News
variety and liable sources
Journalists are safe
Low Rated Press
Authoritarian Courts
1 source for news
recent wars (conflict)
How to Spot Media Bias
Loaded badmouthing of others
Opinions not facts
out of context pictures and quotes
double standards
lack of coverage on topics that oppose them
Framing
Use different words to change someone’s opinion and make it sound better
“Raise Taxes” → “Revenue Enhancement”
Unit 2
Bruh
House of Representatives
Based on Population
435 voting Representatives
2 year term limits - unlimited terms
Requirements For House of Representatives
US Citizen for 7 years
25 years old
live in that district
House of Representatives Leadership
Speaker of the House
Majority and Minority Party
Leaders and “whips” or both Parties
Senate
Equal Representation for all states
2 Senators per State
6 year Terms
Iowa - Joni Ernst and Chuck Grassly
Requirements for Senate
Citizen for 9 years
30 years old
live in that State
Senate Leadership
Vice President (President of the Senate) - Make sure there is order and break voting ties
President Pro Tempore (Backup for Vice President
Majority and Minority Parties
Majority and Minority Leaders and “whips”
Bicameral
Legislative congress with 2 branches
Benefits of Being in Congress
6 figure salary
Heath Insurance for life
Give contracts to personal companies (corrupt stocks)
Free Busniess travel
Constituent
Someone being represented
example - We are constituents of Chuck Grassley
Jobs of Congress
Representation - respond to issues and complaints
Lawmaking - write laws
Oversee Bureaucracy - Controls money to these departments, so in turn they get to check in and ask questions
Confirmation of Presidential Appointments and Treaties (ONLY SENATE) - determine if people are fit for their jobs
Investigate Operations of Government Agencies - prevent previous accidents for the future
Bureaucracy
Departments the president is in charge of
Powers of House of Representatives
Lead Impeachments - indictments (charge with crime), need 51% vote
Decide Presidential Elections - if no one wins Electoral College with minimum 270 votes
“Power of the Purse” - work with bills that raise or lower taxes
Powers of the Senate
Impeachment Trials - unbias judges, 67% of vote to remove president
Ratify Treaties - approve or disapprove
Confirmation Power - make sure people are fit for their job
Decide Vice President
Steps for a Bill
Idea for Bill
Congress writes Bill
Introduced to the Floor (Either House or Senate
House - goes into Hopper (mixes bills) and then put on 1 of 6 calendars for the future
Senate - put on 1 of 2 calendars
Sent to a committee
They send it to Subcommittees to vote
Sent back to committee to vote
Sent to the Original Floor (from step 3) to vote (need 51%)
Sent to Opposite floor (opposite of step 3) to vote and have a conference committee make sure that both House and Senate bill match
Sent to President to vote (Sign, Veto or Pocket Veto)
If Vetoed, Congress can vote again, must have 67% yes, president must sign
Pocket Veto
2 weeks before Congress Adjourns (December 23)
President lets bill “expire”
Line Item Veto
State Governor
Can veto small sections of bills if they like the rest of the bill
Standing Committee
Permanent
Select Committee
Temporary
used in uncommon scenarios - 9/11
Power of Committees and Subcommittees
Marking up/edit bills
Adding Riders/Earmarks to bills - “spending” additions to a bill
Porkbarrel Politics
adding a Rider that only benefits your state or district
Time Limits
House - 15 min
Senate - No Limit
Filibuster
Only Senate
Senator talks for a long time to delay a vote of or cancel a bill
Vote of Cloture
Ends all debate or Filibuster
needs 60 votes
Nuclear Option
Changing rules in Senate
needs 51% vote
Censure
Public Rebuke
Vote by congress to shame/shut up someone
Public doesn’t care as much
Special Interest Groups
people with common interest who want to influence Legislation
National Rifle Association, AARP, World Wildlife Fund
Political Action Committee (PACs)
Raise/donate money to politicians
Lobbying - convince politicians to their cause in exchange for money
Gerrymandering
Redrawing district lines to favor a political party
State legislature normally draws these lines
Packing - Fit as many of opposing party into one district to eliminate them being in multiple districts
Cracking - divide them into multiple districts so they are the minority
only Illegal if districts are separated by race or similar issue
Majority - Minority Districts
majority of people in a district are minorities
Quorum
minimum number of people you need to vote
Francis Scott Key
Wrote star spangled banner
Unit 3
Requirements to be POTUS
35 years old
US citizen for life
Live in the US for 14 consecutive years
Order of Power (Replacements)
President
Vice President
Speaker of the House
President Pro Tempore
more people after this, not important
President’s Jobs
(the Next Slides)
Commander In Cheif
Military powers - final say in major decisions (nukes, D-Day, Raid on Bin Laden)
Medal of Honor (president approval)
War Act of 1973
Authorization of the use of Military force (AUMF) - president can send troops to fight those responsible for 9/11
War Powers Act of 1973
President can send troops anywhere that Americans are threatened for 60 days plus 30 days of removal
Must Inform Congress within 48 hours (uses the gang of 8, informants)
After 60 days congress decides if troops stay or go if president hasn’t pulled them out