Chapter 3

What were the three major events that impacted Canadian society?

1. Arrival of the First People, 2. Colonization by France and England, 3. Influx of settlers from Eastern Europe.

Who were the first people to arrive in North America?

Hunters from the Old World (Eastern Hemisphere) who crossed the Beringia Land Bridge.

What was the primary diet of the First People after mammoths became extinct?

A mixed diet of buffalo, caribou, fish, and plants.

What occurred about 5000 years ago that affected Arctic Migration?

The retreat of the Laurentide ice sheet from Nunavut.

What was the name given to the area settled by French explorers in Canada?

New France.

What year was Quebec City established?

1608.

What caused a decline in the Indigenous population by 80% by 1871?

Spread of new diseases, loss of hunting grounds to European settlers.

What event marked the British Conquest of New France?

The Battle of the Plains of Abraham in 1759.

What was a key outcome of Canadian Confederation in 1867?

Formation of Canada as an independent country.

What lands were purchased to diminish the threat of US annexation in 1870?

Rupert's Land and the North-Western Territory.

Who was the first Canadian Prime Minister?

John A. Macdonald.

What significant migration took place from 1901 to 1921?

Prairie region's population grew from 400,000 to 2 million due to immigration.

What major law was passed on July 1st, 1867?

British North America Act.

What did the 1927 judicial ruling concerning Labrador state?

All land draining into the Atlantic Ocean was awarded to Labrador.

What were the consequences of the National Energy Program (1980-1984) on Alberta?

Resulted in distrust towards federal government and reductions in Alberta's oil revenue.

What does the term 'terra nullius' refer to?

Empty land as perceived by European explorers.

What was the aim of the assimilation policies towards Indigenous Peoples by the federal government?

To integrate Indigenous children into mainstream society, often through residential schools.

What were the Doukhobors known for?

Advocating communal living and refusing military service.

What major issue did the Red River Rebellion address?

The Metis' concerns about land rights and their place in newly expanding Western Canada.

What was established by the Constitutional Act of 1791?

Division of Quebec into Upper Canada (Ontario) and Lower Canada (Quebec).

What did the Quiet Revolution in Quebec symbolize?

A resurgence of pride and confidence among French-speaking residents.

What was a significant impact of the Quebec Act of 1774?

It guaranteed religious freedom and the retention of the French language.

What was the outcome of the two Quebec referendums on separation?

1980: 60% voted against, 1995: 49.5% against.

Who led the resistance during the Northwest Rebellion in 1885?

Louis Riel.

What did the term 'have not' provinces refer to in the context of equalization payments?

Provinces that receive federal funds due to below-average revenue-raising ability.

What were residential schools aimed at achieving?

Assimilation of Indigenous children by isolating them from their culture and families.

What were two main motivations for immigration to Canada in the 1800s?

Deteriorating economy in Britain and the potato famine in Ireland.

What significant group was formed in Manitoba as a result of the Metis negotiations with the federal government?

Manitoba became a province on July 15, 1870.

What was the significance of the Act of Union in 1841?

It united Upper and Lower Canada under one government.

What was the major goal of Clifford Sifton regarding immigration?

To attract immigrants from Scandinavia, Russia, and Ukraine to settle the Prairie region.

What major changes occurred in Canada from 1870 to 1871 following Confederation?

Manitoba became a province and British Columbia joined as the sixth province.

What does the term 'Indigenous' typically encompass in Canada?

First Nations, Metis, and Inuit peoples.

What was the impact of the Manitoba Schools Act of 1890?

Ended funding for Catholic schools, straining relations between French and English populations.

What is an ongoing issue facing Indigenous communities in Canada?

Outstanding land claims and economic disparities.

What did the federal government apologize for in 2008?

The harm caused by residential schools to Indigenous Peoples.

How did immigration policies change after the British Conquest of New France in 1759?

They aimed to offset the French-speaking population with British immigration.

What geographical feature facilitated early human migration into North America?

The Beringia Land Bridge.

What were the major groups of Indigenous Peoples mentioned in the notes?

First Nations, Metis, Inuit.

What was the significance of the Thule people?

Ancestors of the current Inuit who migrated to the Arctic region.

What highlighted the cultural rift between the French and English in Canadian history?

The historical conflict over language rights and governance.

What was the role of the Hudson’s Bay Company in Canada’s territorial development?

Controlled Rupert’s Land and North-Western Territory until sold to the federal government.

What did the term 'faultlines' refer to in the context of Canadian governance?

Major issues and divides affecting national unity and regional relations.

What has been a significant effect of Indigenous land claims?

Ongoing negotiation and legal processes that aim to acknowledge and rectify historical injustices.

What was historically required of many immigrants to conform to Canadian society?

Assimilating into the culture and language, leading to struggles for non-British groups.

What was the outcome of the Northwest Rebellion?

The Metis and Indigenous forces were pushed back, and Riel was executed.

What were the intentions behind policies towards Indigenous Peoples in the 19th century?

To assimilate them into Euro-Canadian culture.

What marked the British government’s immigration strategy after 1759?

Encouraging British immigration to dilute the French-speaking population's influence.

What was the purpose of the Canadian Pacific Railway in the context of immigration?

To facilitate the settlement and economic development of the Prairie regions.

What were significant factors in the evolution of Canada’s national identity?

The relationships among Indigenous Peoples, French and English Canadians, and immigrants from other regions.

What is an example of regional competition in Canada?

Provinces competing for federal funding in areas like healthcare and education.

What impact did the Treaty of Paris 1763 have on French-speaking Canadians?

Placed them under British rule, limiting their governance.

What was the result of the assimilation of Indigenous children taken from their families?

Loss of language and culture for multiple generations.

What is a key goal of modern federal policies regarding Indigenous Peoples?

Recognition of rights to self-governance and land claims.

What were some of the unique rights given to the French by the Quebec Act of 1774?

Continuation of the seigneurial system, religious freedom, and French language rights.

How did the Metis respond to the threat to their land during the Red River Rebellion?

They formed a provisional government to negotiate terms for Manitoba's entry into Canada.

What role did the Doukhobors play in Canadian immigration history?

They resisted individual land ownership and military service, influencing immigration policies.

What does the term 'equalization payments' refer to in Canadian federal finance?

Payments made to provinces to ensure an equal standard of living.

How did competition among provinces affect Canada's governance?

It led to tensions and challenges in balancing regional needs and demands.

What event in the 1960s was pivotal for French-speaking Quebec residents?

The Quiet Revolution.

What was a major conflict surrounding the Manitoba Schools Act?

The discontinuation of funding for Catholic education.

How did the government historically manage immigration in relation to its colonial policies?

Targeting specific nationalities to achieve desired demographic outcomes.

What drove the increase in agricultural settlers to Manitoba in the late 1800s?

Profitable wheat farming and technological advancements.

Who were the significant figures regarding the establishment of access to rights for the Metis?

Louis Riel, who led negotiations and resistance.

What legislative act marked the formal beginning of Canada's nationhood?

The British North America Act of 1867.

In what situation did Indigenous communities face the most significant challenges historically?

When European settlers encroached on their land and disrupted their way of life.

What does 'Western Alienation' refer to in Canadian political discourse?

The perception among Western provinces of having insufficient power in federal governance.

What was a significant cause of the disputes between Quebec and Newfoundland?

The boundary of Labrador.

What led to the federal government's apology regarding Indigenous Peoples in 2008?

The historical abuses in residential schools.

How does Canada's geography influence its internal trade?

Great distances make trade between provinces challenging.

What did the Immigration faultline indicate about Canadian society?

Tensions arose from differing perceptions of immigrant contributions and identities.

What historical event did the Canadian Army respond to during the Northwest Rebellion?

An ambush of Northwest Mounted Police by Indigenous forces.

What was the reaction in Quebec to Charles de Gaulle's 1967 proclamation?

It amplified the desire for Quebec's independence.

Describe the assimilative approach taken by early Canadian policies towards Indigenous Peoples.

Efforts to erase Indigenous culture through education and enforced separation.

What crisis led to intensive settlement demonstrations in the Prairie provinces?

The influx of economic immigrants due to global conflicts and economic downturns.