Studied by 61 people
Hydrocarbons
Organic compounds that are made out of carbon and hydrogen only
Flammability
The property of hydrocarbons that allows them to be used mainly for fuel
Non-polar
The polarity of hydrocarbons
106
The number of the estimated potential combination for carbon chain/ring
Saturated hydrocarbons
Classification of hydrocarbons in which the carbons are bonded with single bonds
Alkanes
These are organic compounds that are bonded with single bonds
Unsaturated hydrocarbons
Classification of hydrocarbons in which the carbons are bonded with double or triple bonds
Alkenes
These are organic compounds that are bonded with double bonds
Alkynes
These are organic compounds that are bonded with triple bonds
Sigma bond
A strong type of bond
Pi bond
a weak type of bond
Unsaturated hydrocarbons
Which is more reactive, saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbons?
Open-chain hydrocarbons
A classification of hydrocarbons in which the compounds are arranged in acyclic, linear, straight, or branched structures
closed-chain hydrocarbons
A classification of hydrocarbons in which the compounds are arranged in cyclic, ring, alipathic, or aromatic structures
Paraffins
Other name for alkanes
sp3
hybridization of alkanes
Olefins
Other name for alkenes
sp2
hybridization for alkenes
sp
hybridization for alkynes
Alkanes
Contains 1 sigma bond
Alkenes
Contains 1 sigma bond and 1 pi bond
Alkynes
Contains 1 sigma bond and 2 pi bonds
CnH2n+2
General formula for alkanes
CnH2n
general formula for alkenes
CnH2n-2
General formula for alkynes
IUPAC Nomenclature
The system used in naming chemical compounds
meth
suffix for 1
eth
suffix for 2
prop
suffix for 3
but
suffix for 4
pent
suffix for 5
hex
suffix for 6
hept
suffix for 7
oct
suffix for 8
non
suffix for 9
dec
suffix for 10
Aromatic hydrocarbons
These are cyclic hydrocarbons with delocalized pi electrons between carbon atoms of ring or alternating double bonds
Aromacity
The term that describes the natural characteristics of aromatic hydrocarbons
Must be cyclic in structure
must be flat or planar in configuration
must have conjugated double bonds
must follow huckel’s rule of aromacity
Criteria for aromacity
Huckel’s Molecular Orbital Theory
“A compound is particularly stable if all its bonding molecular orbitals are filled with paired electrons”
Benzene
The most common example of an aromatic compound
Benzene
Acetanilide
Cyclohexane
n-hexane
Naphthalene
Hydrocarbons - structures and chemical properties
Title of experiment 12
Experiment 12
What experiment uses benzene, n-hexane, cyclohexane, acetanilide, gasoline and naphthalene as samples?
gasoline
the only sample in experiment 12 that produced non-luminous flame and had no soot
Luminous flame
burns bright yellow flame due to not enough oxygen
Non-luminous flame
burns an almost invisible blue flame due to enough oxygen
1 drop
How many drops of samples did the experiment 12 - ignition test require?
Combustion reaction
A reaction in which hydrocarbons react with oxygen to produce CO2, H2O, and heat
Incomplete combustion
Yellow flame, has soot, not much energy and heat produced
Complete combustion
Blue flame, no soot, burns efficiently and produces hotter flame
Benzene, n-hexane, cyclohexane
The samples that produced soot and luminous flame in the experiment 12 - ignition test
Baeyer’s test for unsaturation
A test used to determine the presence of double and triple bonds
Adolf von Baeyer
The scientist named after the test to determine the presence of double and triple bonds
Sodium hydroxide
A compound used to make the potassium permanganate alkaline in Baayer’s test
10 drops
How many drops of samples did the Baeyer’s test for unsaturation require?
15 drops
How many drops of the alkaline potassium permanganate did the Baeyer’s test for unsaturation require?
Benzene, cyclohexane, n-hexane
The samples that. produced a purple-colored solution in the exp 12, baeyer’s test
Gasoline
the sample that produced a dark brown precipitate in the exp 12, baeyer’s test
Brown
The color of precipitate that indicates a positive result in Baeyer’s test for unsaturation
Oxidation reaction
A reaction that produces an alkane with 4 hydroxyl groups, a manganese dioxide, and a permanganate ion
resist addition
aromatic compounds ___ to the pi bonds in which the ring system would be destroyed
preserved
aromatic compounds readily undergo substitution in which the ring system is ___.
0.67 grams
how many grams of acetanilide and naphthalene did the exp 12 - electrophilic aromatic substitution require?
Glacial acetic acid
The reagent (2.5ml) that the acetanilide and naphthalene were dissolved into in the electrophilic aromatic substitution
15 drops
how many drops of bromine in acetic acid solution did the electrophilic aromatic substitution require?
Distilled water
What reagent was added to the solution solution in the electrophilic aromatic substitution until it turned cloudy?
Alcohols
What is the title of experiment 13?
Alcohols
organic compounds composed of an alipathic carbon atom with a hydroxyl functional group
Hydroxyl group
the functional group of all alcohols
ROH
the general formula for the hydroxyl group
Length
Some properties of alcohols depend on the __ of alkyl chain attached to the hydroxyl group
Primary alcohol
Classification of alcohol wherein a carbon with the OH group is attached to one other carbon atom
Secondary alcohol
Classification of alcohol wherein a carbon with the OH group is attached to two other carbon atoms
Tertiary alcohol
Classification of alcohol wherein a carbon with the OH group is attached to three other carbon atoms
RCH2OH
General formula for primary alcohols
R2CHOH
General formula for secondary alcohols
R3COH
General formula for tertiary alcohols
higher
Alcohols have ___ boiling points compared to hydrocarbons
hydrogen bonding
The intermolecular force found between the OH that is responsible for the high boiling points and solubility of alcohols
Increases
the boiling point of alcohols ___ as the number of carbon in alipathic chain increases
decreases
the boiling point of alcohols ____ as the branching in alipathic carbon chain increases
longer
The ___ the alkyl chain is, the lesser the alcohol becomes soluble in water
Polar
Polarity of alcohols
acidic
alcohols are ___ in nature because of their ability to react with active metals, forming corresponding alkoxide
Primary alcohols
Of all the classifications of alcohols, which are more acidic?
decreases
the acidity of alcohols ___ when an electron donating group is attached to the hydroxyl group as the electron density increases on the oxygen atom
Jones test
The other name for the chromic acid test
n-butyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl
The samples used in the chromic acid test
20 drops
How many drops of samples did the chromic acid test require?
potassium dichromate
Along with the sulfuric acid, what reagent did the chromic acid test used?
Chromic acid test
A test used to distinguish primary and secondary alcohols from tertiary alcohols
Blue-green
the color of the solution that depicts a positive result in the jones test
Jones reagent
A reagent that is made out of chromium oxide in sulfuric acid
Lucas reagent
A reagent that is made our of zinc chloride in concentrated hydrochloric acid
Ewart Jones
The scientist that the chromic acid test was named after
Note 
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