ORGANIC CHEMISTRY FINALS

exp 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 18, 19

Hydrocarbons

Organic compounds that are made out of carbon and hydrogen only

Flammability

The property of hydrocarbons that allows them to be used mainly for fuel

Non-polar

The polarity of hydrocarbons

106

The number of the estimated potential combination for carbon chain/ring

Saturated hydrocarbons

Classification of hydrocarbons in which the carbons are bonded with single bonds

Alkanes

These are organic compounds that are bonded with single bonds

Unsaturated hydrocarbons

Classification of hydrocarbons in which the carbons are bonded with double or triple bonds

Alkenes

These are organic compounds that are bonded with double bonds

Alkynes

These are organic compounds that are bonded with triple bonds

Sigma bond

A strong type of bond

Pi bond

a weak type of bond

Unsaturated hydrocarbons

Which is more reactive, saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbons?

Open-chain hydrocarbons

A classification of hydrocarbons in which the compounds are arranged in acyclic, linear, straight, or branched structures

closed-chain hydrocarbons

A classification of hydrocarbons in which the compounds are arranged in cyclic, ring, alipathic, or aromatic structures

Paraffins

Other name for alkanes

sp3

hybridization of alkanes

Olefins

Other name for alkenes

sp2

hybridization for alkenes

sp

hybridization for alkynes

Alkanes

Contains 1 sigma bond

Alkenes

Contains 1 sigma bond and 1 pi bond

Alkynes

Contains 1 sigma bond and 2 pi bonds

CnH2n+2

General formula for alkanes

CnH2n

general formula for alkenes

CnH2n-2

General formula for alkynes

IUPAC Nomenclature

The system used in naming chemical compounds

meth

suffix for 1

eth

suffix for 2

prop

suffix for 3

but

suffix for 4

pent

suffix for 5

hex

suffix for 6

hept

suffix for 7

oct

suffix for 8

non

suffix for 9

dec

suffix for 10

Aromatic hydrocarbons

These are cyclic hydrocarbons with delocalized pi electrons between carbon atoms of ring or alternating double bonds

Aromacity

The term that describes the natural characteristics of aromatic hydrocarbons

* Must be cyclic in structure
* must be flat or planar in configuration
* must have conjugated double bonds
* must follow huckel’s rule of aromacity

Criteria for aromacity

Huckel’s Molecular Orbital Theory

“A compound is particularly stable if all its bonding molecular orbitals are filled with paired electrons”

Benzene

The most common example of an aromatic compound

Benzene

\

Acetanilide

Cyclohexane

n-hexane

Naphthalene

Hydrocarbons - structures and chemical properties

Title of experiment 12

Experiment 12

What experiment uses benzene, n-hexane, cyclohexane, acetanilide, gasoline and naphthalene as samples?

gasoline

the only sample in experiment 12 that produced non-luminous flame and had no soot

Luminous flame

burns bright yellow flame due to not enough oxygen

Non-luminous flame

burns an almost invisible blue flame due to enough oxygen

1 drop

How many drops of samples did the experiment 12 - ignition test require?

Combustion reaction

A reaction in which hydrocarbons react with oxygen to produce CO2, H2O, and heat

Incomplete combustion

Yellow flame, has soot, not much energy and heat produced

Complete combustion

Blue flame, no soot, burns efficiently and produces hotter flame

Benzene, n-hexane, cyclohexane

The samples that produced soot and luminous flame in the experiment 12 - ignition test

Baeyer’s test for unsaturation

A test used to determine the presence of double and triple bonds

Adolf von Baeyer

The scientist named after the test to determine the presence of double and triple bonds

Sodium hydroxide

A compound used to make the potassium permanganate alkaline in Baayer’s test

10 drops

How many drops of samples did the Baeyer’s test for unsaturation require?

15 drops

How many drops of the alkaline potassium permanganate did the Baeyer’s test for unsaturation require?

Benzene, cyclohexane, n-hexane

The samples that. produced a purple-colored solution in the exp 12, baeyer’s test

Gasoline

the sample that produced a dark brown precipitate in the exp 12, baeyer’s test

Brown

The color of precipitate that indicates a positive result in Baeyer’s test for unsaturation

Oxidation reaction

A reaction that produces an alkane with 4 hydroxyl groups, a manganese dioxide, and a permanganate ion

resist addition

aromatic compounds ___ to the pi bonds in which the ring system would be destroyed

preserved

aromatic compounds readily undergo substitution in which the ring system is ___.

0\.67 grams

how many grams of acetanilide and naphthalene did the exp 12 - electrophilic aromatic substitution require?

Glacial acetic acid

The reagent (2.5ml) that the acetanilide and naphthalene were dissolved into in the electrophilic aromatic substitution

15 drops

how many drops of bromine in acetic acid solution did the electrophilic aromatic substitution require?

Distilled water

What reagent was added to the solution solution in the electrophilic aromatic substitution until it turned cloudy?

Alcohols

What is the title of experiment 13?

Alcohols

organic compounds composed of an alipathic carbon atom with a hydroxyl functional group

Hydroxyl group

the functional group of all alcohols

ROH

the general formula for the hydroxyl group

Length

Some properties of alcohols depend on the __ of alkyl chain attached to the hydroxyl group

Primary alcohol

Classification of alcohol wherein a carbon with the OH group is attached to one other carbon atom

Secondary alcohol

Classification of alcohol wherein a carbon with the OH group is attached to two other carbon atoms

Tertiary alcohol

Classification of alcohol wherein a carbon with the OH group is attached to three other carbon atoms

RCH2OH

General formula for primary alcohols

R2CHOH

General formula for secondary alcohols

R3COH

General formula for tertiary alcohols

higher

Alcohols have ___ boiling points compared to hydrocarbons

hydrogen bonding

The intermolecular force found between the OH that is responsible for the high boiling points and solubility of alcohols

Increases

the boiling point of alcohols ___ as the number of carbon in alipathic chain increases

decreases

the boiling point of alcohols ____ as the branching in alipathic carbon chain increases

longer

The ___ the alkyl chain is, the lesser the alcohol becomes soluble in water

Polar

Polarity of alcohols

acidic

alcohols are ___ in nature because of their ability to react with active metals, forming corresponding alkoxide

Primary alcohols

Of all the classifications of alcohols, which are more acidic?

decreases

the acidity of alcohols ___ when an electron donating group is attached to the hydroxyl group as the electron density increases on the oxygen atom

Jones test

The other name for the chromic acid test

n-butyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl

The samples used in the chromic acid test

20 drops

How many drops of samples did the chromic acid test require?

potassium dichromate

Along with the sulfuric acid, what reagent did the chromic acid test used?

Chromic acid test

A test used to distinguish primary and secondary alcohols from tertiary alcohols

Blue-green

the color of the solution that depicts a positive result in the jones test

Jones reagent

A reagent that is made out of chromium oxide in sulfuric acid

Lucas reagent

A reagent that is made our of zinc chloride in concentrated hydrochloric acid

Ewart Jones

The scientist that the chromic acid test was named after