bio cell cycle flashcards

Haploid

* (**n**) have one copy of each homologous chromosome (one from each parent)
* Sex cells/**Gamete** cells in humans

Diploid

(**2n**) have two pairs of homologous chromosomes

* Body cells/**Somatic** cells in humans

Somatic

Body cells, diploids

Gamete

Sex cells, haploid

Sexual reproduction

Cells from two parents combine to form a new cell of a new organism

Asexual reproduction

Single parent produces offspring with identical genetic info

Chromosome

Thin, compact, threadlike structures within the nucleus that has genetic info to be passed onto the offspring

Chromatin

In eukaryotic chromosomes, substance made of DNA coiled around the histone

Histone

A protein that DNA wraps around to give a chromosome its shape

Sister chromatids

Genetically identical chromosomes duplicates

Homologous chromosomes

Same size, shape, and types of genes

Cell Cycle

series of events in which a cell grows, prepares to divide, and divides to form two daughter cells (interphase, PMAT, cytokinesis)

Mitosis

nucleus divides, PMAT, creates SOMATIC CELLS

M (mitotic) phase

cell division, 2 stage process

Centromere

Region where two sister chromatids meet/attach

Centrosome

Region near the nucleus in the cytoplasm which contains the centrioles (which form spindle fibers)

Spindle fibers

Make up the mitotic spindle, attach to chromosomes during metaphase and pull chromatids opposite ways during anaphase **(separates the chromosomes)**

Cell plate

**IN A PLANT CELL**, formed when cytoplasm is split in half

Cleavage furrow

**IN AN ANIMAL CELL**, formed when cytoplasm is split in half

male sex chromosomes

XY, two different sister chromatids (different sizes)

female sex chromosomes

XX, identical sizes

Interphase

LONGEST STAGE OF CELL CYCLE, ENDS IN PARENT CELL

G1: cell growth before DNA duplication

S: DNA duplication

G2: cell prepares for division

Prophase

Nucleus is still there, chromosomes visible and condensing, spindles begin forming

Metaphase

Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell, spindle fibers fully formed

Anaphase

Chromosomes move to opposite sides of the cell (moving towards the poles) w/ the help of spindle fibers

Telophase

Chromosomes are at complete opposite ends, new nuclei forming on each side to make these two new cells, SPINDLES DISAPPEAR

Cytokinesis

SPLITS CYTOPLASM