Understanding Evolution and Speciation Processes

Evolution

Process of adaptation through mutation and selection.

Natural Selection

Mechanism where favorable traits enhance survival.

Genetic Drift

Random changes in allele frequencies over time.

Genetic Variation

Differences in traits among individuals in a population.

Convergent Evolution

Similar traits evolve independently in different species.

Divergent Evolution

Diverse traits evolve from a common ancestor.

Homologous Structures

Anatomical features shared by common ancestry.

Vestigial Structures

Reduced features with no current function.

Speciation

Formation of new species through reproductive isolation.

Allopatric Speciation

Speciation due to geographic separation of populations.

Sympatric Speciation

Speciation occurring within a shared habitat.

Reproductive Isolation

Barriers preventing interbreeding between species.

Prezygotic Barriers

Obstacles preventing fertilization before zygote formation.

Postzygotic Barriers

Obstacles preventing viable offspring after fertilization.

Polyploidy

Condition of having extra sets of chromosomes.

Autopolyploidy

Polyploidy occurring within a single species.

Allopolyploidy

Polyploidy occurring between closely related species.

Hybrid Zones

Areas where closely related species interbreed.

Speciation Rates

Models explaining the speed of species formation.

Slow Change Model

Gradual evolution of species over time.

Rapid Change Model

Quick evolution from parent generation to new species.