US History EOC Review (ALL UNITS)

Bill of Rights

1. Freedom of Religion, Speech, and Press

2. Right to Bear Arms

3. Housing of Soldiers

4. Protection from Unreasonable Searches & Seizures

5. Protection of Rights to Life, Liberty, & Property

6. Rights of Accused Persons in Criminal Cases

7. Rights in Civil Cases

8. Excessive Bail, Fines, & Punishments Forbidden

9. Other Rights Kept by the People

10. Undelegated Powers Kept by the States & the People

Export

To ship to another country

Import

To receive a shipment from another country.

Direct Tax

A tax directly paid to the government by the tax payer.

Indirect Tax

Any tax applied on manufactured goods/products

Admirality Courts

A court that has jurisdiction of things in the sea

Boycott

((Economic))

Withdrawal from using, buying, or dealing w/ a person, organization, or country as a form of protest

Militia

An army that is raised from able bodied citizens in a civilization

French & Indian War (1754)

(Seven Years War) Britain and France both claimed the Ohio River Valley leading to conflict. French/Indians started off winning, but once the British managed to cut off French shipping to the Americas, the Indians left the French for & joined the British who were better supplied, the French began losing territory fast.

"Join or Die" Political Cartoon (Ben Franklin)

Ben Franklin supported colonial unity, basically saying colonists should still work with the mother country even though Britain neglected them before.

Rule of Law

The principle that every member of society must obey the law, even the king.

John Locke

English philosopher that believed all people had the same natural rights of life, liberty, and property.

Committees of Correspondence

Local groups that informed colonists of British measures

Sugar Act

"No Taxation without Representation" Tax on molasses

Stamp Act

Law passed that required colonists to pay taxes on printed materials.

No Taxation without Representation

They don't want to be taxed without a representative being there.

Daughters of Liberty

Colonial women who pledged not to buy any British manufactured goods & weaved "homespun" clothes for men as a substitute to British cloth.

Sons of Liberty

Group organized to oppose the taxation from British & lead protests against them as well. (Samuel Adams lead)

Boston Massacre

incident in 1770 in which British troops fired on and killed 5 American colonists

Townshend Acts

Laws passed in 1767 that taxed colonists on goods such as glass, paper, paint, lead, and tea

Boston Tea Party

Protest against increased tea taxes in which colonists dressed as Indians, boarded British ships, & dumped british tea into the Boston harbor

Intolerable Acts

(1774) British response to Boston Tea Party, Port of Boston closed, reduced power of assemblies in colonies, permitted royal officers to be tried elsewhere for crimes committed in the colonies, provided for quartering of troop's in colonists' homes.

1st Continental Congress

A group of representatives from all 13 colonies exept Georgia that met in fall 1774 to plan boycotts in an attempt to pressure Parliament into revoking the Intolerable Acts & other taxes.

Lexington & Concord

1st battle of the American Revolution (April 19, 1775) caused by the continuous dispute between the British government & colonists. Patriots vs British (Red Coats)

Common Sense (Thomas Paine)

Published in 1776, Common Sense challenged the authority of the British government. Was the first work to openly ask for independence from Great Britain.

What happened at Lexington?

Patriots gathered at Lexington to turn British back to Boston. Someone fired the 1st shot, resulting in 8 Patriot deaths and British continuing to Concord. ((British W))

What Happened at Concord?

Patriots fight the British leading to British retreat. Hundreds of minutemen lined the roads, firing at British from every angle, leading to over 200 British deaths. ((Patriot W))

Consent of the Governed

People give the government permission to rule

John Locke's Idea of Government

Govs hold their power with the consent of the people & if they don't protect the natural rights of the people, they may be overthrown.

Tea Act

Law passed by parliament allowing the British East India Company to sell its low-cost tea directly to the colonies. Lowered prices threatened effectiveness of colonial boycott.

Land Ordinances

Established rules for setting/governing western lands

Northwest Ordinances

Bills passed in 1784, 1785, and 1787 that authorized the sale of lands in the Northwest Territory to raise money for the federal government. Provided a government for the western territories based on Jefferson's ideas

Shay's Rebellion

(1786-87) Rebellion led by Daniel Shays of farmers in western Massachusetts, protesting mortgage foreclosures. It highlighted the need for a strong national government.

Constitutional Convention

1787, Philadelphia, Led by Alexander Hamilton & James Madison. Discussed slavery, representation, state vs federal powers, executive power, commerce.

3 Branches of Government

Legislative, Executive, Judicial

Legislative

Congress made up of house of representatives & house of senate; makes laws

Executive

The person who runs the government and sees that the laws are carried out.

Judicial

Interpret the laws and limit the powers of the other branches of government.

Checks and Balances

A system that allows each branch of government to limit the powers of the other branches in order to prevent abuse of power

Limited Government

A principle of constitutional government; a government whose powers are defined and limited by a constitution.

Separation of Powers

division of power among the legislative, executive, and judicial branches of government

Virginia Plan

states got a number of representatives in Congress based on their population; power to veto laws; favored by large states.

New Jersey Plan

All states get equal representation, regardless of population; no power to veto laws; favored by small states

The Great Compromise (Connecticut Compromise)

number of representatives based on state's population; number of senates equal for all states, regardless of their population.

3/5 Compromise

the decision at the Constitutional convention to count slaves as 3/5 of a person for the purpose of deciding the population and determining how many seats each state would have in Congress

Federalism

A system in which power is divided between the national and state governments

Electoral College

A group of people named by each state legislature to select the president and vice president

Federalists

people who supported ratification of the Constitution

Anti-Federalists

people who opposed/criticized the Constitution

The Federalist Papers

85 essays written by Hamilton, Madison, and Jay ("publius") published in NY newspapers and used to convince readers to adopt the new constitution

James Madison

"Father of the Constitution," Federalist leader, and 4th President of the United States.

Alexander Hamilton

1st Secretary of the Treasury, advocated creation of a national bank & a tax system to pay off the national debt.

John Jay

1st Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, negotiated with British for Washington

Ratification

official approval; final consent to the effectiveness of a constitution

Constitution

A document which spells out the principles by which a government runs and the fundamental laws that govern a society

Preamble

Introduction to the Constitution; describes the purpose of goverment

Articles

established how government should be structured; constitution is divided into seven.

Amendments

Official changes, corrections, or additions to the Constitution;referred to as the Bill of Rights

2nd Continental Congress (1775)

Colonists who drafted the Olive Branch Petition and later the Declaration of Independence (1776)

Olive Branch Petition

(1775) Reaffirmed the colonists' allegiance to the King but not to Parliament.

Loyalists

American colonists who remained loyal to the British Crown during the American Revolutionary War.

Patriots

American colonists who were determined to fight the British until American independence was won

Declaration of Independence

1776 document, signed by colonists, explaining why the colonies wanted independence from Britain.

The Preamble

Introduction to the D of I, listing reasons for writing the Declaration.

Natural Rights

The idea that all humans are born with rights, which include the right to life, liberty, and pursuit of happiness

List of Grievances

A list of complaints about the British King (King George)

Statement of Independence

States the colonies independence from Britain

Importance of Battle of Bunker Hill

2nd war of the Revolution, showed that the Patriots were willing to fight

Importance of Battle of Trenton

Boosted Americans spirits & enlistments to join army.

General Washington surprise attacked German mercenaries in the middle of Christmas night.

What happened at Valley Forge?

George Washington spent the harsh & hungry winter of 1777-1778 with his troops. Soldiers suffered from a lack of supplies & food.

Importance of Battle of Saratoga?

Persuaded the French to support the Americans with military aid, and is was the major turning point in the American Revolution.

How did the Patriots win the Battle of Yorktown?

Washington planned to trap the British army in Yorktown. So he got the French to block the Chesapeake Bay, trapping the British. Trapped by both land & sea, Cornwallis was forced to surrender his 8,000 troops on Oct. 19

Treaty of Paris

(1783) Recognized American independence & granted several territories to the United States

Articles of Confederation

(1777-1781) 1st Constitution of the US. Established the functions of the government of the United States after it declared independence from Great Britain.

House of Representatives

Consists of a different number of representatives from each state, depending on population

Senate

A council of representatives. 2 from each state

Judiciary (Supreme Court)

Branch that interprets laws

President

Head of the Executive Branch

Amendment

any change in the Constitution

George Washington's First Cabinet

(Group of advisors)

Thomas Jefferson

Secretary of state (state department)

What ideas did Hamilton propose regarding the finances of the US National Government?

1) Federal governments assume state debts & pay foreign debts in full by imposing excise taxes and high taxes on imported goods to raise revenue for the government

2) Create a national bank and currency

3) Buy political support from the wealthiest Americans; Enrich investors, who could then build new ships, wharves, storehouses, and factories.

4) Pay foreign debts in full by imposing taxes & tariffs

His plan would promote the accumulation of capitol needed for commercial and industrial growth

Excise Tax

A tax on the production or sale of goods

Whiskey Rebellion

(1794) Farmers in Pennsylvania rebelled against Hamilton's excise tax on whiskey. Army, led by Washington, put down the rebellion. Showed that the new government under the Constitution could react quickly & effectively to problems, in contrast to the inability of the government under the Articles of Confederation to deal with Shay's Rebellion.

Protective Tariff

A tax on imported goods that is intended to protect a nation's businesses from foreign competition

Bond

A financial security that represents a promise to repay a fixed amount of funds to an investor

Repository

A place where things are stored

Fedralists (Pro-British)

- Led by Alexander Hamilton

- Favored a strong centralized government

- Wanted to base economy on industry and trade

- Supported loose construction of the Constitution

How did George Washington feel about political parties?

He opposed political parties because he believed that it would divide the newly formed nation in the long run.

How were Americans split over the French Revolution?

Democratic Republican Party (Jefferson) was in favor of the revolution based on its democratic ideals; Federalist Party (Hamilton) opposed the revolution due to the disorder it created.

Citizen Genet Incident (1793)

The French ambassador living in the US swaying people to support the french revolution even though Washington wanted us to stay neutral.

Jay's Treaty

Made up by John Jay. It said that Britain was to pay for Americans ships that were seized in 1793. It said that Americans had to pay British merchants debts owed from before the revolution and Britain had agreed to remove their troops from the Ohio Valley

Alien and Sedition Acts (1798)

-Alien Act empowered the president to arrest and deport any immigrant who criticized the government

-Sedition Act made it illegal to publish defamatory statements about the federal government

Aimed at French/Irish Natives

XYZ Affair

An insult to the American delegation when they were supposed to be meeting French foreign minister, Talleyrand, but instead they were sent 3 officials Adams called "X,Y, and Z" that demanded $250,000 as a bribe to see Talleyrand.

Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions

Declared that states could nullify federal laws that the states considered unconstitutional. (Written by Jefferson and Madison in response to the Alien and Sedition Acts)

John Marshall

Chief justice of the U.S. Supreme Court (1801-1835) and helped establish the practice of judicial review.

Who appointed John Marshall to the supreme court?

John Adams

What political party was John Marshall apart of?

Federalist

How much power did the supreme court have before John Marshall?

They had some power but Marshall was able to expand its role in the federal government.

Precedent

an earlier event or action that is regarded as an example or guide to be considered in subsequent similar circumstances.