Sense Organs

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51 Terms

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Conjunctiva

  • stratified squamous epithelium
  • inferior eyelid and the superficial layer of the eyeball
  • not over the cornea
  • contains goblet cells that lubricate and moisten the eye
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Subconjunctival Hemorrhage

  • blood vessel rupture
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Conjunctivitis

  • inflammation of the conjunctiva
  • bacterial or viral infection
  • caused by rubbing eyes with dirty hands
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Eyelids (Palpebrale)

  • moveable anterior protective covering
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Eyelashes and Eyebrows

  • protection of the eye
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Sty

  • typically caused by an infection of the sebaceous glands associated with eyelash follicles
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Lacrimal Apparatus

  • cleans and protects the eye surface
  • fluid produced in the lacrimal gland, collects in the lacrimal sac and drains into the nasal cavity
  • dispersed across the eye surface
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Two Main Functions of the Eyeball

  • protect/support photoreceptor cells
  • gather, focus and process light
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Fibrus Tunic

  • most external layer of the eye consisting of two regions
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Sclera

  • apart of the fibrous tunic
  • dense collagen connective tissue
  • "whites of the eye"
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Cornea

  • apart of the fibrous tunic
  • anterior transparent region of the sclera
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Corneal Transplants

  • if the cornea becomes clouded, it can be produced by another
  • no blood supply, therefore no problem with rejection
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Vascular Tunic (Uvea)

  • made up of three regions
  • middle layer of the eye
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Choroid

  • apart of the vascular tunic
  • highly vascularized layer
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Ciliary Body

  • apart of the vascular tunic
  • blood supply
  • suspensory ligaments
  • ciliary muscle
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Iris

  • apart of the vascular tunic
  • coloured portion of the eye
  • eye colour is correlated with the amount of melanin in this region
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Retina

  • the inner layer of the eye
  • responsible for the conversion of light into nerve signals
  • often used for diagnostic purposes
  • pigmented layer and neural layer
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Macula

  • apart of the retina
  • directly posterior to the centre of the lens
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Optic Disc

  • apart of the retina
  • where nerve fibers of the retina converge into the optic nerve
  • blindspot
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Detached Retina

  • when the retina is pulled from its normal position
  • usually treated with laser surgery or cryotherapy
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Lens

  • made up of proteins arranged like layers of an onion
  • fully transparent with no blood vessels
  • ciliary muscle controls the shape
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Ciliary Body

  • suspensory ligaments that extend from the lens to this region
  • responsible for the production of the aqueous humor
  • over time the condition of the musculature/lens deteriorates and people lose the ability to focus on close objects
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Pupil

  • defined by the inner margin of the iris
  • 2 muscles that control the diameter of the pupil activated by light intensity
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Sphincter Pupillae Muscles

  • controlled by the parasympathetic system
  • constriction of the pupil
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Dilator Pupillae Muscles

  • controlled by the sympathetic system
  • dilation of the pupil
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Vitreous Humor

  • inferior area of the eye
  • transparent jelly that fills the space behind the lens
  • "floaters" are found in this region
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Aqueous Humor

  • watery solution secreted into the space between the iris and the lens
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Extrinsic Eye Muscles

  • six muscles that move the eye
  • originate from a common tendinous ring in the posterior orbit and attach onto the outer surface of the eye
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Outer Ear

  • consists of the pinna, auricle, auditory canal and tympanic membrane
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Pinna

  • apart of the outer ear
  • made up of elastic cartilage
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Auditory Canal

  • leads from the auricle to the tympanic membrane
  • apart of the outer ear
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Tympanic Membrane

  • apart of the outer ear
  • partition between the outer ear and middle ear
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Ruptured Eardrum

  • typically caused by infection or trauma
  • heals on its own
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Middle Ear

  • air filled space in the temporal bone
  • consists of the three smallest bones in the body the malleus, incus and stapes
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The Eustachian Tube

  • selective valve that allows air to enter behind the sealed eardrum
  • if air pressure is not equal on both sides of the eardrum, it will not vibrate efficiently
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Inner Ear

  • also called the labyrinth
  • consists of the semicircular canals and the cochlea
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Semicircular Canals

  • apart of the inner ear
  • important for balance
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Cochlea

  • apart of the inner ear
  • vibrations passed from the tympanic membrane, along the ear ossicles to the oval window
  • nerve impulses generated that travel along the vestibulocochlear nerve, transporting sound through electrical impulses to the brain
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Utriculus and Sacculus

  • apart of the semicircular canals
  • position of the body with respect to gravity
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Canals

  • apart of the semicircular canals
  • involved in the motion of the body
  • filled with endolymph
  • triggers neural signals as it moves
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Olfaction

  • receptors found on the olfactory epithelium lining on top of the nasal cavity
  • bathed by the swirling air that enters the nose
  • has three cell types: olfactory receptor cells, support cells and basal stem cells
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Olfactory Tissue

  • individual receptor cells are replaced once a month
  • each cranial nerve (I) consists of about 20 groups of nerve fibers
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Taste

  • chemicals for taste and smell must be dissolved
  • receptors for taste are found in taste buds
  • found on tongue and elsewhere in pharynx
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Gustatory Hair

  • molecules first attach
  • taste
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Receptor Cells

  • transmit signals
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Sensory Neurons

  • merge together to form the facial (VII) or glossopharyngeal (XI) nerves
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Individual Taste Buds Can Detect

  • sweet
  • sour
  • bitter
  • salty
  • umani
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Filiform Papillae

  • no taste buds
  • body of the tongue
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Fungiform Papilla

  • taste buds on the dorsal surface of the tongue
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Vallate Papilla

  • taste buds
  • upper area of the tongue
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Foliate Papilla

  • taste buds
  • side of the tongue