Studied by 23 people
How does the mother know to not see her child as foreign?
Signals from fetus that causes corpus luteum to stay intact and secrete progesterone
What are the four types of placental attachments?
diffuse
cotyledonary
discoidal
zonary
What is diffuse placental attachment?
Attaches all across uterus
What is cotyledonary placental attachment?
attaches to the uterus at certain points
What analogy can diffuse placental attachment be related to?
velcrow
What analogy can cotyledonary placental attachment be related to?
buttons
What analogy can zonary placental attachment be related to?
a belt
What is zonary placental attachment?
one section of the uterus covered by placenta
What is discoidal placental attachment?
Only one spot where placenta and uterus attach
What animal has discoidal placental attachment?
humans and mice
What animal has zonary placental attachment?
cats and dogs
What animal has diffuse placental attachment?
horse and pig
What animal has cotyledonary placental attachment?
Cow and sheep
What are the three layer options for placenta?
epithelopchorial
endotheliochorial
Hemochorial
What is epitheliochorial placenta?
6 layers of tissue in which the fetal chorion is in contact with the maternal epithelium
What is endotheliochorial placenta?
5 layers of tissue in which the fetal chorion is in contact with the maternal endothelium
What is hemochorial?
3 layers in which the fetal chorion is in contact with the maternal red blood cells
Why do animal with epitheliochorial placenta need colostrum?
there is minimal antibody transfer
Which placental type fosters the most developed immune system?
hemochorial
Which type of placenta fosters the least developed immune system?
epitheliochorial
What factors affect placental immunity?
stage of gestation, hormones, maternal factors
What happens with inflammation in late gestation?
It increases for more fetal protection
Does maternal disease mean the fetus will have disease?
NO
What three ways do we protect the fetus by protecting the dam?
vaccination, nutrition, minimal stress
Can we vaccinate pregnant animals?
Yes, 30-60 days before birth they should be boostered
When should pregnant animals be vaccinated/boostered?
30-60 days prior to birth
What two things impact fetal immunity?
maternal environment and placental type
What is BVDV?
Bovine viral diarrhea virus
What are the two types of BVDV?
cytopathic and noncytopathic
What is the concern with noncytopathic BVDV?
although the offspring have no symptoms they can still shed the virus to others
Which type of BVDV do the offspring show symptoms?
cytopathic
Which type of BVDV do they offspring NOT show symptoms?
noncytopathic
Why do noncytopathic BVDV offspring not show symtoms?
their T cells learn the viral antigen as "self" during training
What three things can occur when there is fetal infection?
nothing (fetus isnt completely helpless)
mortality (embryonic or abortion)
morbidity (defects)
What is the importance of boostering vaccines 30-60 days prior to birth?
to increase antibody number in colostrum
What is fetal programming?
How maternal environment affects fetus, neonate, and beyond
What is epigenetic change?
change in the way our genes are expressed
How formed is the immune system at birth?
fully formed but not as efficient
What is a neonate?
0-45 days of age
What placental type has the most maternal antibody transfer?
hemochorial
What placental type has the least maternal antibody transfer?
epitheliochorial (no transfer)
What placental type has most risk for infection?
hemochorial
Do dairy of beef cattle have better quality colostrum?
beef
Do dairy cattle or beef cattle have higher quantity of colostrum produced?
dairy
When should we vaccinate neonates?
sweet spot between decline of maternal antibodies and development of own immunity
What is the difference between colostrum replacer and colostrum supplement?
replacer has all required antibodies needed if there is no natural colostrum available while supplement has some antibodies and is used when colostrum quality is poor
What should you give neonates in which their mom made poor quality colostrum?
colostrum supplement
What should you give neonates in which their mother made NO colostrum?
colostrum replacer
What is FPI?
failure of passive immunity
Why is FPI important?
it is a major risk for infection
What cells are responsible for colostrum antibody absorption?
M cells
What period of time can colostrum antibodies be absorbed?
first 24 hours of life
What happens to maternal antibody levels right after parturition?
decline
What is the only antibody that can pass the placenta?
IgG
What three things is colostrum rich in?
energy
antibodies
maternal WBC
Which type of placenta do offspring require colostrum?
epitheliochondrial
What do most large animals lack when born?
IgG
What is agammaglobulinemic?
lacking IgG at birth
What kind of genetic code do bacteria have?
DNA
What kind of genetic code do viruses have?
DNA or RNA
What is a special type of PRR?
TLR
What TLRs are seen with RNA viruses?
TLR 3, 7, 8
What TLRs are seen with DNA viruses?
TLR 9
What are a few examples of RNA viruses?
feline coronavirus, COVID, ferret coronavirus, influenza
What are a few examples of DNA viruses?
Equine herpesvirus 1
What do PRRs recognize when looking for viruses?
nucleic acids (TLR 3, 7, 8)
What innate immune cells/innate immune functions are activated when a virus is present?
NKC; IFN and MHC1
What do interferons do when a virus is detected?
signal cells to put up barriers
signal infected cells to die
recruit WBC and activate macrophages
What adaptive immune cells are activated when a virus is present?
Antibodies and cytotoxic T cells
What is the surface marker for a cytotoxic T cell?
CD8
Why are cytotoxic T cells mainly used in viral infections?
viruses are intracellular and cannot be helped with antibodies
What cells are considered cell-mediated immunity?
T cells
What cells are considered humoral immunity?
B cells
How do cytotoxic T cells aid immunity?
use perforins and granzymes
What happens to the CNS in Borna disease?
virus destroys CNS cells
What happens in Canine adenovirus?
virus breaks down antigen-antibody complex
What is a major diagnostic symptom of adenovirus?
blue eyes
Where does canine distemper virus replicate?
lymphoid tissue
What is antigenic shift?
when two strains of one virus use a common host to recombine into a new virus
What is antigenic drift?
slow mutation of surface proteins over time
What are the four main ways viruses can evade immune cells?
mutating (antigenic drift/shift)
inhibit NKC
inhibit MHC1
shut off IFN response
Why is antigenic shift particularly bad?
it creates a whole new viral strain making it hard for the immune system to recognize it the next time
What complement pathways are activated when bacteria binds innate immune cells?
innate and alternate
Why isnt the classical complement pathway activated when bacteria bind to innate immune cells?
They require antibodies for activation
What PRR is used to detect bacterial invasion?
TLR9 (because bacterial have DNA)
What TLR is linked to foal resistance to rhodococcus equi?
TLR2
What TLR is linked to chicken resistance to salmonella?
TLR4
How do complement proteins aide in destruction of bacteria?
They form pores with the MAC to cause cell lysis
What is MAC in relation to complement proteins?
membrane attack complex that forms a pore in the cell to cause lysis
What two things are released by platelets?
antibacterial peptides and reactive oxygen species (ROS)
What is the function of platelets?
bind to neutrophils to form aggregates
release ROS and antimicrobial peptides to fight bacteria
What activates ILC3?
IL-23
What is secreted by ILC3?
IL-22 and B cell growth factor
What is the function of IL-22 secreted by ICL3?
causes intestinal cells to produce antimicrobial proteins for protection
What happens if innate immune measures are insufficient for a bacterial invader?
adaptive immunity takes over when macrophages/dendritic cells phagocytose and present antigen to T/B cells
What are the five mechanisms of immune response to bacterial infection?
antibody neutralization of toxins
complement proteins kill bacteria
opsonization of bacteria by antibodies and/or complement proteins
destruction of bacteria by macrophages
Cytotoxic T cells kill bacteria
How does an antibody neutralize a toxin?
by binding to it and preventing it from binding to a receptor
What are a few examples of toxigenic bacteria?
clostridia and bacillus anthracis
Can antibodies reverse effect once toxin has bound to the receptor?
no
What occurs when a bacterium is resistant to initial phagocytosis?
opsonization
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