Immunology 2nd half of semester (through final)

How does the mother know to not see her child as foreign?

Signals from fetus that causes corpus luteum to stay intact and secrete progesterone

What are the four types of placental attachments?

1. diffuse
2. cotyledonary
3. discoidal
4. zonary

What is diffuse placental attachment?

Attaches all across uterus

What is cotyledonary placental attachment?

attaches to the uterus at certain points

What analogy can diffuse placental attachment be related to?

velcrow

What analogy can cotyledonary placental attachment be related to?

buttons

What analogy can zonary placental attachment be related to?

a belt

What is zonary placental attachment?

one section of the uterus covered by placenta

What is discoidal placental attachment?

Only one spot where placenta and uterus attach

What animal has discoidal placental attachment?

humans and mice

What animal has zonary placental attachment?

cats and dogs

What animal has diffuse placental attachment?

horse and pig

What animal has cotyledonary placental attachment?

Cow and sheep

What are the three layer options for placenta?

1. epithelopchorial
2. endotheliochorial
3. Hemochorial

What is epitheliochorial placenta?

6 layers of tissue in which the fetal chorion is in contact with the maternal epithelium

What is endotheliochorial placenta?

5 layers of tissue in which the fetal chorion is in contact with the maternal endothelium

What is hemochorial?

3 layers in which the fetal chorion is in contact with the maternal red blood cells

Why do animal with epitheliochorial placenta need colostrum?

there is minimal antibody transfer

Which placental type fosters the most developed immune system?

hemochorial

Which type of placenta fosters the least developed immune system?

epitheliochorial

What factors affect placental immunity?

stage of gestation, hormones, maternal factors

What happens with inflammation in late gestation?

It increases for more fetal protection

Does maternal disease mean the fetus will have disease?

NO

What three ways do we protect the fetus by protecting the dam?

vaccination, nutrition, minimal stress

Can we vaccinate pregnant animals?

Yes, 30-60 days before birth they should be boostered

When should pregnant animals be vaccinated/boostered?

30-60 days prior to birth

What two things impact fetal immunity?

maternal environment and placental type

What is BVDV?

Bovine viral diarrhea virus

What are the two types of BVDV?

cytopathic and noncytopathic

What is the concern with noncytopathic BVDV?

although the offspring have no symptoms they can still shed the virus to others

Which type of BVDV do the offspring show symptoms?

cytopathic

Which type of BVDV do they offspring NOT show symptoms?

noncytopathic

Why do noncytopathic BVDV offspring not show symtoms?

their T cells learn the viral antigen as "self" during training

What three things can occur when there is fetal infection?

1. nothing (fetus isnt completely helpless)
2. mortality (embryonic or abortion)
3. morbidity (defects)

What is the importance of boostering vaccines 30-60 days prior to birth?

to increase antibody number in colostrum

What is fetal programming?

How maternal environment affects fetus, neonate, and beyond

What is epigenetic change?

change in the way our genes are expressed

How formed is the immune system at birth?

fully formed but not as efficient

What is a neonate?

0-45 days of age

What placental type has the most maternal antibody transfer?

hemochorial

What placental type has the least maternal antibody transfer?

epitheliochorial (no transfer)

What placental type has most risk for infection?

hemochorial

Do dairy of beef cattle have better quality colostrum?

beef

Do dairy cattle or beef cattle have higher quantity of colostrum produced?

dairy

When should we vaccinate neonates?

sweet spot between decline of maternal antibodies and development of own immunity

What is the difference between colostrum replacer and colostrum supplement?

replacer has all required antibodies needed if there is no natural colostrum available while supplement has some antibodies and is used when colostrum quality is poor

What should you give neonates in which their mom made poor quality colostrum?

colostrum supplement

What should you give neonates in which their mother made NO colostrum?

colostrum replacer

What is FPI?

failure of passive immunity

Why is FPI important?

it is a major risk for infection

What cells are responsible for colostrum antibody absorption?

M cells

What period of time can colostrum antibodies be absorbed?

first 24 hours of life

What happens to maternal antibody levels right after parturition?

decline

What is the only antibody that can pass the placenta?

IgG

What three things is colostrum rich in?

1. energy
2. antibodies
3. maternal WBC

Which type of placenta do offspring require colostrum?

epitheliochondrial

What do most large animals lack when born?

IgG

What is agammaglobulinemic?

lacking IgG at birth

What kind of genetic code do bacteria have?

DNA

What kind of genetic code do viruses have?

DNA or RNA

What is a special type of PRR?

TLR

What TLRs are seen with RNA viruses?

TLR 3, 7, 8

What TLRs are seen with DNA viruses?

TLR 9

What are a few examples of RNA viruses?

feline coronavirus, COVID, ferret coronavirus, influenza

What are a few examples of DNA viruses?

Equine herpesvirus 1

What do PRRs recognize when looking for viruses?

nucleic acids (TLR 3, 7, 8)

What innate immune cells/innate immune functions are activated when a virus is present?

NKC; IFN and MHC1

What do interferons do when a virus is detected?

1. signal cells to put up barriers
2. signal infected cells to die
3. recruit WBC and activate macrophages

What adaptive immune cells are activated when a virus is present?

Antibodies and cytotoxic T cells

What is the surface marker for a cytotoxic T cell?

CD8

Why are cytotoxic T cells mainly used in viral infections?

viruses are intracellular and cannot be helped with antibodies

What cells are considered cell-mediated immunity?

T cells

What cells are considered humoral immunity?

B cells

How do cytotoxic T cells aid immunity?

use perforins and granzymes

What happens to the CNS in Borna disease?

virus destroys CNS cells

What happens in Canine adenovirus?

virus breaks down antigen-antibody complex

What is a major diagnostic symptom of adenovirus?

blue eyes

Where does canine distemper virus replicate?

lymphoid tissue

What is antigenic shift?

when two strains of one virus use a common host to recombine into a new virus

What is antigenic drift?

slow mutation of surface proteins over time

What are the four main ways viruses can evade immune cells?

1. mutating (antigenic drift/shift)
2. inhibit NKC
3. inhibit MHC1
4. shut off IFN response

Why is antigenic shift particularly bad?

it creates a whole new viral strain making it hard for the immune system to recognize it the next time

What complement pathways are activated when bacteria binds innate immune cells?

innate and alternate

Why isnt the classical complement pathway activated when bacteria bind to innate immune cells?

They require antibodies for activation

What PRR is used to detect bacterial invasion?

TLR9 (because bacterial have DNA)

What TLR is linked to foal resistance to rhodococcus equi?

TLR2

What TLR is linked to chicken resistance to salmonella?

TLR4

How do complement proteins aide in destruction of bacteria?

They form pores with the MAC to cause cell lysis

What is MAC in relation to complement proteins?

membrane attack complex that forms a pore in the cell to cause lysis

What two things are released by platelets?

antibacterial peptides and reactive oxygen species (ROS)

What is the function of platelets?

bind to neutrophils to form aggregates

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release ROS and antimicrobial peptides to fight bacteria

What activates ILC3?

IL-23

What is secreted by ILC3?

IL-22 and B cell growth factor

What is the function of IL-22 secreted by ICL3?

causes intestinal cells to produce antimicrobial proteins for protection

What happens if innate immune measures are insufficient for a bacterial invader?

adaptive immunity takes over when macrophages/dendritic cells phagocytose and present antigen to T/B cells

What are the five mechanisms of immune response to bacterial infection?

1. antibody neutralization of toxins
2. complement proteins kill bacteria
3. opsonization of bacteria by antibodies and/or complement proteins
4. destruction of bacteria by macrophages
5. Cytotoxic T cells kill bacteria

How does an antibody neutralize a toxin?

by binding to it and preventing it from binding to a receptor

What are a few examples of toxigenic bacteria?

clostridia and bacillus anthracis

Can antibodies reverse effect once toxin has bound to the receptor?

no

What occurs when a bacterium is resistant to initial phagocytosis?

opsonization