Comprehensive Pulmonary Diseases and Disorders: Obstructive, Restrictive, Vascular, and Pediatric Pathologies

What are the main obstructive lung diseases covered?

COPD, chronic bronchitis, emphysema, bronchial asthma, bronchiectasis, obstructive sleep apnea.

What are some examples of restrictive lung diseases?

Chest wall conditions, pleural diseases (pneumothorax, pleural effusion), lung aspiration, lung inhalation, atelectasis, lung fibrosis.

What are the pulmonary vascular disorders mentioned?

Pulmonary hypertension and pulmonary embolism.

What childhood pathologies are discussed in relation to pulmonary function?

ARDS, serious upper respiratory tract infections, cystic fibrosis (CF).

What anatomical structures are included in the upper respiratory tract?

Nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx.

What is the function of the conducting system in the respiratory tract?

It serves as the airway passage for air to reach the lungs.

Where does gas exchange occur in the respiratory system?

At the alveoli and interstitial tissue.

What are the components of pulmonary function tests?

Lung volumes and capacities.

What is the difference between pulmonary and systemic circulation?

Pulmonary circulation involves blood flow between the heart and lungs, while systemic circulation involves blood flow between the heart and the rest of the body.

What are the major manifestations of pulmonary diseases?

Dyspnea, cough, stridor, wheezes, crackles, abnormal respiratory rates, and abnormal sputum.

What is dyspnea?

Uncomfortable breathing or shortness of breath.

What is orthopnea?

Dyspnea that occurs when a person is lying down.

What is paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea (PND)?

Attacks of severe shortness of breath or cough at night during sleep.

What is the significance of cough in pulmonary function?

It is a protective reflex that can be acute or chronic.

What are wheezes and crackles?

Wheezes are high-pitched sounds due to turbulent airflow, while crackles are abnormal lung sounds indicating fluid in the airways.

What does tachypnea refer to?

An abnormally rapid respiratory rate.

What is Kussmaul respiration?

A type of deep, labored breathing often associated with metabolic acidosis.

What is cyanosis?

A bluish discoloration of the skin due to low oxygen levels in the blood.

What is clubbing in the context of pulmonary diseases?

An abnormal enlargement of the fingertips or toes often associated with chronic hypoxia.

What characterizes obstructive lung diseases?

Airway obstruction that worsens with expiration, leading to symptoms like cough, dyspnea, and wheezing.

What is bronchial asthma?

An acute or chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways characterized by hyper-responsiveness.

What is bronchospasm?

A condition characterized by inflammation, vascular congestion, and increased mucous secretion, often IgE mediated.

What can bronchospasm lead to?

It may lead to status asthmaticus.

What are common clinical manifestations of bronchospasm?

Expiratory wheezing, dyspnea, tachypnea, and cough.

What is chronic bronchitis?

A chronic inflammatory response within the bronchi, characterized by hyper-secretion of mucus and a productive cough lasting at least 3 months/year for 2 consecutive years.

What is the main cause of chronic bronchitis?

Smoking is the primary cause.

What are common clinical manifestations of chronic bronchitis?

Chronic productive cough, diffuse bilateral wheezes, and rhonchi.

What is bronchiectasis?

A chronic condition involving permanent enlargement of bronchioles, often secondary to infection.

What are the common causes of bronchiectasis?

Cystic fibrosis, COPD, infections like pneumonia and tuberculosis, and immune disorders.

What are the clinical manifestations of bronchiectasis?

Chronic cough, green/yellow sputum, dyspnea, and breath sounds indicative of active infection.

What is emphysema?

A condition characterized by permanent enlargement of alveoli and destruction of alveolar walls without obvious fibrosis.

What is the main cause of emphysema?

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

What are the clinical manifestations of emphysema?

Symptoms include dyspnea and a barrel chest appearance.

What is obstructive sleep apnea (OSA)?

A condition involving partial or complete upper airway obstruction during sleep.

What is the most common cause of obstructive sleep apnea?

Adenotonsillar hypertrophy.

What are common clinical manifestations of OSA?

Snoring, labored breathing during sleep, daytime sleepiness, and chronic mouth breathing.

What is the most common cause of lung cancer?

Cigarette smoking.

What are the types of non-small cell lung carcinoma?

Squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, and large cell carcinoma.

What is the pathophysiology of restrictive lung diseases?

Difficulty in full expansion of lungs, resulting in reduced lung volume and impaired ventilation/oxygenation.

What are common diseases associated with restrictive lung disorders?

Aspiration, atelectasis, pulmonary fibrosis, inhalation disorders, pulmonary edema, and ARDS.

What is a pneumothorax?

An abnormal collection of air in the pleural space, which can lead to lung collapse.

What are the types of pneumothorax?

Spontaneous, secondary, open, and tension pneumothorax.

What are the clinical manifestations of a tension pneumothorax?

Respiratory distress, tachycardia, distended neck veins, cyanosis, and tracheal deviation.

What is pleural effusion?

Excess fluid accumulation in the pleural cavity.

What are the two types of pleural effusion?

Transudative and exudative effusions.

What are common clinical manifestations of pleural effusion?

Chest pain, impaired chest movement, dullness to percussion, and diminished breath sounds.

What is atelectasis?

Lung collapse resulting in reduced or absent gas exchange.

What are inhalation disorders?

Conditions caused by the entry of harmful substances into the respiratory tract.

What are common causes of inhalation disorders?

Toxic gases, pneumoconiosis, and other occupational lung diseases.

What is the most common cause of lung issues affecting part or all of one lung?

Post-surgical complications.

What are common clinical manifestations of lung issues?

Breathing difficulty (rapid & shallow), low oxygen saturation, cyanosis, and pleural effusion (transudate type).

What is pulmonary fibrosis?

Scarring of lung tissue due to idiopathic causes, inhalation of harmful substances, inflammation, or autoimmune diseases.

What are the clinical manifestations of pulmonary fibrosis?

Progressive dyspnea with exertion and X-ray findings showing fibrosis.

What causes pulmonary edema?

Left side valvular dysfunction, left ventricular failure, injury to capillary endothelium, or blockage of lymphatic vessels.

What are the clinical manifestations of pulmonary edema?

Dyspnea, orthopnea, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea (PND), cough with pink, frothy sputum, excessive sweating, anxiety, and pale skin.

What characterizes Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)?

Fulminant respiratory failure due to diffuse alveolo-capillary injury.

What are common causes of ARDS?

Sepsis, multiple trauma, pneumonia, near drowning, drug overdose, gastric aspiration, and acute pancreatitis.

What are the early clinical manifestations of ARDS?

Dyspnea, hypoxemia, hyperventilation, and respiratory alkalosis.

What types of lung cancer are classified as non-small cell carcinoma?

Squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, and large cell carcinoma.

What are the clinical manifestations of pulmonary embolism (PE)?

Dyspnea, chest pain on inspiration, tachycardia, cyanosis, and hypotension.

What is the Virchow triad related to pulmonary embolism?

It includes venous stasis, vessel wall injury, and hypercoagulability.

What is pulmonary hypertension?

Elevation of pressure in the pulmonary vasculature, typically above 20 mm Hg.

What are the clinical manifestations of pulmonary hypertension?

Dyspnea, fatigue, dizziness, and complications such as right ventricular failure.

What is cystic fibrosis?

A multisystem disease caused by mutations in the CFTR gene leading to impaired chloride transport and thick mucus production.

What are the clinical manifestations of cystic fibrosis in the lungs?

Thick secretions obstructing bronchioles, leading to chronic lung infections, inflammation, and fibrosis.

What is croup?

An upper respiratory tract infection causing a barking cough, commonly affecting children aged 6 months to 5 years.

What are the symptoms of acute epiglottitis?

High fever, irritability, sore throat, inspiratory stridor, and severe respiratory distress.

What are common clinical manifestations of aspiration disorders?

Coughing, choking, gagging, and wheezing, depending on the size and nature of the foreign body.

What is respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) in newborns?

A condition primarily affecting preterm infants due to lack of adequate surfactant, leading to widespread atelectasis and respiratory distress.

What are the clinical manifestations of RDS in newborns?

Tachypnea, expiratory grunting, nasal flaring, and dusky skin.