Movement Science Final

Define centralization. Which MDT classification is this found in?

Decreasing S/S in distal-> proximal direction

Found in derangement, rapid change due to loading.

What are the 3 primary mechanical functions of a nerve?

Withstand tension, compression, and slide in container

What elicits a + on a neurodynamic test?

S/S are reproduced (numbness, tingling, burning)

What are Newton's 3 laws of motion?

1. Inertia: an object at rest stays at rest until acted on by an outside force.

2. Acceleration is directly proportional to force and inversely proportional to mass. F=m*a

3. Every action has an equal & opposite reaction.

Distance vs. displacement?

Distance- total movement of an object

Displacement- straight line distance between start & finish

Speed vs. velocity vs. acceleration?

Speed- how fast you're traveling. Distance/ time

Velocity- speed in a given direction. 10 m/s forward

Acceleration- time rate change of velocity.

What is significant of deceleration?

Ability to decelerate & control body is crucial to lower risk of injury.

Linear motion vs. angular motion?

Linear motion- movement in a straight line (entire body)

Angular motion- rotational movement in an arc (joints)

Center of mass: men vs. women?

Line of gravity vs. base of support?

CoM- point which body mass is equal on all sides.

- women ant. to S2, men is L5

Line of gravity- runs through ^, falls within base of support to be stable

Base of support- area of contact between the body & supporting surface. Larger= more stable.

Mass vs. momentum vs. force?

Mass- quantity of matter (no gravity)

Momentum- quantity of motion an object possesses. Mass x velocity

Force- energy that causes movement with direction & magnitude. F=m*a.

2 types of energy?

What is the law of conservation of energy?

- Potential energy- stored energy

- Kinetic energy- active energy

- Law of conservation of energy- energy cannot be created nor destroyed, rather transferred.

Shear force vs. torsional force?

Shear force- opposite forces acting on one part of the body.

Torsional force- twisting/ torque force

Elasticity vs. stiffness?

Elasticity- ability of an object to return to former shape after deformation.

Stiffness- ability of an object to resist deformation when stress is applied.

*most human structures exhibit both

Elastic deformation vs. plastic deformation?

Elastic deformation- material can deform and return to original shape

Plastic deformation- loading force causes permanent change in material. Occurs at yield

What is creep?

Reversible or permanent change?

What increases creep?

Low level stress is applied over a long period to cause deformation of the tissue

Permanent change

Increased temp= increased creep (heat before stretching)

Define moment arm.

What increases force?

Moment arm- length between joint & line of force

Longer the ^, more torque/ force

Line of pull vs. angle of pull?

Which AoP does max torque occur?

LoP- long axis of the muscle

AoP- angle between lang axis of bone & line of pull of muscle.

- max torque occurs at 90 degrees AoP

What joint degrees are stabilizing vs. non-stabilizing

AoP <90 degrees= stabilizing

Aop >90 degrees= non-stabilizing

Describe first class levers, examples, and advantages

Force - axis - resistance, hip hinge

Ex- seesaw, cervical extension

Allow balanced movement, close axis, and converts downward force -> upward force

Describe second class levers, examples, and advantages

axis - resistance - force

Ex- wheelbarrow, calf raises

Move large resistance with little force/ ROM

Describe third class levers, examples, and advantages

axis- force- resistance

ex- baseball bat, arm flexion

Produces speed, more movement distally, increased ROM

What is the physiologic advantage of muscle?

At which position is ^ optimal?

Ability to shorten

Full resting length

Active vs. passive insufficiency?

Active- full shortening of a multi-joint muscle prevents full ROM in both joints

Passive- full stretching of a multi-joint muscle prevents full ROM in both joints

Define summation of forces

sequence of movements timed so each contributed to the next to produce a summation of forces

ROM of the cervical spine?

- Flexion- 60 degrees

- Extension- 80 degrees

- Rotation- 80 degrees (50% upper cervical, 50% lower)

- Lateral flexion- 45 degrees (35 d from lower)

How does motion change in upper-> lower cervical spine?

Why?

Decrease in rotation & increase in lateral flexion

Due to increased incline of facets

How do facets, IVF, canal, nerve roots & dura change with flexion?

- Facets- move forward & upward (open)

- IVF& spinal canal size increases

- Tension on nerve roots, dura, spinal cord

How do facets, IVF, canal, nerve roots & dura change with extension?

- Facets- move downwards & backwards (close)

- IVF & spinal canal size decrease

- Slack on nerve roots, dura, spinal cord

How does cervical rotation affect IVF and lateral flexion affect nerves & dura?

Cervical rotation- opens contralateral IVF, closes ipsilateral

Lateral flexion- tensioning on contralateral nerve roots & dura

What parts of the cervical spine are flexed/ extended in protrusion vs. retraction?

Protrusion- LC flexion & UC extension

Retracted- UC flexion & MC extension

Are cervical flexors or extensors stronger?

Flexors are 60% as strong as extensors

What muscle imbalances are present with lumbar hyperlordosis/ anterior pelvic tilt?

Loaded facets, erector spinae, hip flexors

Inhibited glutes & abdominals

How does the lumbar spine move with sitting?

How long until deformation begins to occur?

Lumbar flexion

20 mins

*LBP aggravated by sitting

What can lead to pain/ injury with flexion?

Deconditioned/ underprepared

Hx of LBP and psychosocial factors

Genetics & musculoskeletal morphology

Sedentary lifestyle & obesity

Lack of motor control, mobility, stability

In what 2 situations is injury likely to occur with flexion?

Early morning (stiff due to water in disc)

After sitting for a while (creep after 20 mins)

What muscles make up the core container?

Diaphragm

Obliques, multifidi, other core/spinal muscles

Pelvic floor

Define tensegrity

Ability to stiffen to different magnitudes according to the specific load. Load sharing.

Where do assessment and treatment of joints take place?

paraphysiological space

What is functional/ dysfunctional on cervical flexion motor pattern test?

Functional- pt looks at feet, UC flexes first, then LC

Dyfunctional- chin protrusion, overactive SCM, shaking

How long is functional on the deep neck flexor endurance test?

What time is associated with neck pain?

men- 40 s

women- 30 s

Neck pain- <20 s

what ROM is functional on OA cervical flexion test and C1/C2 cervical flexion test?

OA cervical flexion test- 20 degrees of flexion each side (with head rotated as far as possible)

C1/C2 cervical flexion test- >44 degrees rotation each side (with head fully flexed)

*<32 degrees= increased risk of cervicogenic headache

How much ROM is normal for the seated rotation test for thoracic?

Lumbar locked test?

Seated rotation: 50+ degrees each side

Lumbar locked: 50 d.

*mobility issue if they can't get there passively, stability if they can.

What are the progressions of the hip hinge assessment?

supine pelvic tilt -> standing pelvic tilt -> standing hip hinge -> chair squat -> single leg hip hinge

Define scapular dyskinesia & SICK

Scapular dyskinesia- loss of normal scapulae mechanics

SICK- scap malposition, inferior border prominence, coracoid pain, dyskinesia

During 180 d of shoulder abduction, how much comes from glenohumeral vs scapulothoracic joints?

3 phases?

GH= 120 ST= 60

0-30= setting phase (GH)

30-90= GH > ST

90+= 1:1 ratio