era 6

Insurrectos

Cause of the Spanish American War - Cuban insurgents who used a scorched earth policy to try to drive out the Spanish landlords. Spain set up camps to try to contain the insurgents, but many died in the camps.

USS Maine

Cause of the Spanish American War - U.S. Battleship that exploded in Havana Harbor. US, inaccurately, blamed the explosion on the Spanish military.

Yellow Journalism - Journalism that exaggerates the truth made this look worse than it really was

Insurrectos

Cause of the Spanish American War - Cuban insurgents who used a scorched earth policy to try to drive out the Spanish landlords. Spain set up camps to try to contain the insurgents, but many died in the camps.

USS Maine

Cause of the Spanish American War - U.S. Battleship that exploded in Havana Harbor. US, inaccurately, blamed the explosion on the Spanish military.

Yellow Journalism - Journalism that exaggerates the truth made this look worse than it really was

Spanish-American War

War fought between the US and Spain in Cuba and the Philippines. It lasted less than 3 months and resulted in Cuba's independence as well as the US annexing Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines. The US became an imperial nation at this time.

Philippine-American War

After the Spanish American War - It was a continuation of the Philippine struggle for independence led by Aguinaldo. The Philippines declared war on the US and it became a savage conflict with guerilla warfare that lasted 3 years . Villages were destroyed, civilians were murdered, and prisoners were tortured. More lives lost than in the Spanish American War.

Open Door Policy

Created by US secretary of state John Hay.

Instead of fighting over China - it allowed nations to carve out "Spheres of Influence" as long as they allowed anyone to freely trade within those spheres.

This policy did not include the consent of the Chinese, and was another form of imperialism.

Panama Canal

When Theodore Roosevelt was president, the United States built the Panama Canal to have a quicker passage to the Pacific from the Atlantic and vice versa.

The Colombians would not let Americans build the canal, but then with the assistance of the United States a Panamanian Revolution occurred. The new ruling people allowed the United States to build the canal.

Gentleman's Agreement with Japan

Theodore Roosevelt convinced San Francisco School Board to integrate their Asian students and in return Japan prohibit any more emigration to the US.

Ended by Immigration Act of 1924.

Upton Sinclair

Progressive Era Reformer -Muckraker who shocked the nation when he published The Jungle, a novel that revealed gruesome details about the meat packing industry in Chicago.

-Spurred on the creation of the Meat Inspection Act & the Pure Food and Drug Act

Gifford Pinchot

Progressive Era Reformer -
Head of the U.S. Forest Service under Roosevelt, who believed that it was possible to make use of natural resources while conserving them.

Ida Tarbell

Progressive Era Reformer-
A leading muckraker and magazine editor, she exposed the corruption of the oil industry with her 1904 work A History of Standard Oil.

Square Deal

Theodore Roosevelt Domestic Policy

Three C's

1. Control of Corporation - He didn't want to break up trusts he only wanted to regulate them.

2. Consumer Protection eg - Meat Inspection Act

3. Conservation eg - Forest Reserve Act - Put 125 million of acres of land in the Federal Reserves

Big Stick Diplomacy

Theodore Roosevelt's Foreign Policy

Comes from the phrase, "speak softly and carry a big stick; you will go far."

Emphasis on military preparedness; willingness to use military force to achieve foreign policy goals. Especially in Latin America.

Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine

The principle that the United States has the right to intervene in the internal affairs of Latin American nations.

Latin American nations were at risk of defaulting on loans which left them open to European intervention.

It set the United States' role as a police power in Central and South America

Dollar Diplomacy

Foreign policy created under President Taft that had the U.S. exchanging financial support ($) for the right to "help" countries make decisions about trade and other commercial ventures. Basically it was exchanging money for political influence in Latin America and the Caribbean.

Federal Reserve Act

Set up by Wilson -

This act established the Federal System, which established 12 districts each with a Federal Reserve Bank

Federal Reserve board was created and its 12 members are appointed by the president.

Clayton Anti-Trust Act

New antitrust legislation that actually worked -constructed to remedy deficiencies of the Sherman Antitrust Act. Made sure that labor unions were not considered to be "in restraint of trade."

Sherman was a sissy / Clayton broke up a "ton" of trusts

Moral Diplomacy

Policy adopted by President Woodrow Wilson that rejected the approach of "dollar diplomacy". Rather than focusing mainly on economic ties with other nations, Wilson's policy was designed to bring right principles to the world, preserve peace, and extend to other peoples the blessings of democracy.

Mexican Revolution

Right before WWI - Power struggle in Mexico - Started when Diaz was ouster from power, opposition forces led by Pancho Villa.

Allies vs. Central Powers

WWI Alliances (WWII - Allies vs Axis)

The Allied Powers was made of Great Britain, France, and Russia (eventually the US)

Central: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire

Archduke Franz Ferdinand

Archduke of Austria Hungary assassinated by a Serbian in 1914. His assassination started WWI.

Lusitania

A British passenger ship that was sunk by a German U-Boat on May 7, 1915. 128 Americans died. The sinking greatly turned American opinion against the Germans, helping the move towards entering the war.

Zimmerman Telegram

One of the reasons the US entered WWI

Sent from Germany to Mexico proposing an alliance if the US were to enter the war. As an incentive Mexico was promised to receive all the land they had lost to the US from the Mexican - American War after the war.

Intercepted by the US.

Doughboys

Nickname for American troops in Europe during WWI.

Wilson's Fourteen Points

A series of proposals in which US President Woodrow Wilson outlined a plan for achieving a lasting peace after WWI.

For example Freedom of the Seas, arms reduction and most importantly (the 14th point) creating the League of Nations to prevent further war.

League of Nations

Precursor to the UN (United Nations) created after WWI. US never joins leaving it essentially powerless

Treaty of Versailles

Ended WWI. War Guilt Clause forced Germany to pay 33 Billion in reparations.

US never signs it because it included the League of Nations.

Senator Henry Cabot Lodge led the charge to reject it because he felt that the League of Nations gave up to much of Americas power - specifically Congress' right to declare war.

Victory Loans

Helped fund part of WWI and WWII. Average citizens would buy them in a sense loaning money to the government.

1st Great Migration

During WWI American Americans went North in hopes of getting a Wartime job - racial tensions escalate in the northern and Midwestern cities often times leading to riots - notably in St. Louis.

Food Administration

Headed by furture president Herbert Hoover
Used voluntary means of rationing food during WWI - Meatless Mondays - Growing Victory Gardens etc…

National War Labor Board

During WWI and WWII - negotiated labor disputes and gave workers what they wanted to prevent strikes that would disrupt the war effort.

Committee on Public Information

During WWI - After a long period of isolationism it was in charge of propaganda that would encourage people to get behind the war effort. It was headed by George Creel. Creel's organization, employed some 150,000 workers at home and oversees.

(Counterpart WWII Office of War Information)

Emergency Quota Act

It greatly limited the number of immigrants who could move to the U.S. And it reflected the isolationist and anti-foreign feeling in America.

Charles Lindberg

United States aviator who in 1927 made the first solo nonstop flight across the Atlantic Ocean. One of the first American celebrities.

Harlem Renaissance

Black literary and artistic movement centered in Harlem in the 20's. Celebrated the "New Negro" who after WWI embraced their culture and refused to be subservient.

Author- Langston Hughes
Jazz Musician - Louie Armstrong

Lost Generation

A group of American writers during the 1920's. They served in World War I. Many of them moved to Paris. Major writers: Ernest Hemingway F. Scott Fitzgerald.

It reflected the disillusionment that so many of them felt following the War

19th Amendment

(1920) extended the right to vote to women

Scopes Monkey Trial

In Dayton TN 1925

The trial that pitted the teaching of Darwin's theory of evolution against teaching Bible creationism.

Tested the Butler Act - Which outlawed the teaching of Evolution in TN.

Prosecutor - William Jennings Bryan
Defense - Clarence Darrow

John Scopes was found guilty of breaking Butler Act.

Black Tuesday

October 29, 1929; date of the worst stock-market crash in American history and beginning of the Great Depression.

Dust Bowl

Region of the Great Plains that experienced a drought in 1930 lasting for a decade, leaving many farmers without work or substantial wages.

Book: Grapes of Wrath - John Steinbeck

Bonus Army March

WWI veterans meet in D.C. to support a proposed bill that would grant them their promised bonus early - supposed to get them in 1945

After the bill fails, many go home, but some stay and set up a "Hooverville" near the capitol.

Hoover sent in MacArthur who used tanks and tear gas to break up Hooverville.

New Deal - Relief

Bank Holiday - Closed all banks and only allowed the healthy ones to reopen

CCC (Civilian Conservation Corps) men 18-25 had to send some of the money back home

New Deal - Recovery

AAA - Agricultural Adjustment Act - paid farmers not to farm so price of crops would go up

NIRA - (National Industrial Recovery Act) members would display a Blue Eagle in their windows - It created codes that established minimum wages, max. hours, price-fixing, and fair methods of competition. - Will be declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court.

New Deal - Reform

FDIC - (Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation) insured depositors savings accounts up to $5,000.

Social Security - guaranteed retirement payments for enrolled workers beginning at age 65; set up federal-state system of unemployment insurance and care for dependent mothers and children, the handicapped, and public health.

Court Packing Plan

Because the Supreme Court kept declaring New Deal Legislation to be unconstitutional (AAA - NIRA) FDR wanted to add a new Supreme Court Justice for each current judge over 70 (he would have been able 6 new judges)

Therefore he could have packed it with justices who were more friendly toward his New Deal programs.

Congress did not pass it - many felt FDR stepped over the line.

Huey Long

Thought FDR didn't go far enough. Louisiana senator who eventually would be assassinated. Proposed "Share Our Wealth" program which would give each family $5,000.

Dr. Townsend

New Deal critic who wanted to pay seniors over 60 $200/month that they were to spend each month.

Washington Disarmament Conference

An international conference on the limitation of naval fleet construction begins in Washington.

Kellogg-Briand Pact

1928 - Outlawed war except for defensive reasons

Smoot-Hawley Tariff

1930 - Hoover - In the midst of the Great Depression - This raised the tariff rate extremely high - other counties followed suite more or less bring international trade to a standstill.

Dawes Plan

A plan to revive the German economy, the United States loans Germany money which then can pay reparations to England and France, who can then pay back their loans from the U.S.

Stimson Doctrine

1932, Hoover's Secretary of State said the US would not recognize territorial changes resulting from Japan's invasion of Manchuria (China). Example of appeasement before WWII.

Munich Conference

1938 conference at which European leaders attempted to appease Hitler by turning over the Sudetenland (German speaking region of Czechoslovakia) to him in exchange for promise that Germany would not expand Germany's territory any further. Hitler broke his promise by invading the rest of Czechoslovakia soon after.

Hitler's Invasion of Poland

After annexing Austria and invading Czechoslovakia; Hitler carried out this action, which was the immediate cause of WWII.

Cash and Carry

policy adopted by the United States in 1939 to preserve neutrality while aiding the Allies. Britain and France could buy goods from the United States if they paid in full and transported them.

Lend-Lease

Approve by Congress in March 1941; The act allowed America to sell, lend or lease arms or other supplies to nations considered "vital to the defense of the United States."

America First Committee

A committee organized by isolationists before WWII. Charles A. Lindbergh (the aviator) was its most effective speaker.

Pearl Harbor

December 7, 1941 - Surprise attack by the Japanese on the main U.S. Pacific Fleet harbored in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii destroyed 18 U.S. ships and 200 aircraft. In response, the U.S. declared war the next day.

Bracero Program

Wartime agreement between the United States and Mexico to import farm workers to meet a perceived manpower shortage; the agreement was in effect from 1941 to 1947.

Zoot Suit Riot

Riots that occurred mostly in Los Angeles, CA between white soldiers and young Mexican Americans. White soldiers thought that the dress of "zoot suits" of the Mexican Americans was un-patriotic.

Double "V" Campaign

African Americans' campaign to earn victory in the home front (fight discrimination at home) and victory overseas (fighting the enemy Axis powers)

Tuskegee Airmen

332 Fighter Group famous for shooting down over 200 enemy planes. African American pilots who trained at the Tuskegee flying school -all black unit of fighter pilots. Trained in Tuskegee Alabama. Won many awards for bravery and never lost a single pilot

Executive Order 9066

This was the order given by President Franklin D. Roosevelt that called for the internment of all Americans of Japanese ancestry. 112,000 Japanese-Americans forced into camps causing loss of homes and businesses - citizens and non citizens alike.

S.S. St. Louis

Ship that left Germany with 936 Jews on board it was bound for Cuba where it was denied entry from there the ship tried to enter the US but was denied - returned to Europe where many of them died in the holocaust.

Navajo Code Talkers

Navajo used their own language to make a code for the U.S. military that the Japanese could not decipher. Used especially in the Pacific theater.

Rosie the Riveter

A cultural icon of the United States, representing the American women who worked in factories and shipyards during World War II, many of whom produced munitions and war supplies

Office of War Information

Organization that employed artists, writers and advertisers to shape public opinion concerning World War II. A big propaganda machine.

Counterpart to WWI - Committee on Public Information

Bataan Death March

After US troops surrender their position on the Bataan peninsula in the Philippines. Japanese forced about 60,000 of Americans and Filipinos to march 100 miles with little food and water, most died or were killed on the way.

Iwo Jima

One of the Bloodiest battles in the war, a fight to the death for Japanese soldiers, as the Americans were coming closer to Japan. Hard fought victory for the Allies during their "island hopping" campaign.
Famous photo of marines raising flag.

Manhattan Project

Code name given to the development of the US atomic bomb during World War II. Organized by scientist Robert Oppenheimer.

Potsdam Conference

The final wartime meeting of the leaders of the United States, Britain, and the Soviet Union was held outside Berlin. Agreed on use of the Atomic Bomb against Japan.

Battle of Stalingrad

(1942) World War II battle between invading German forces and Soviet defenders for control of Stalingrad; each side sustained hundreds of thousands of casualties; Germany's defeat marked turning point in the war.

Invasion of Italy

An attempt by the Allies to open up a second front to take some pressure off of the Soviets. Invasion cause Mussolini to be deposed in Italy.

D-Day

Allied troops landed along a 50-mile stretch of heavily-fortified French coastline to fight Nazi Germany on the beaches of Normandy, France. General Dwight D. Eisenhower was in charge. Allies gained a foot- hold in France.

Battle of the Bulge

After recapturing France, the Allies advance became stalled along the German border. Germany staged a massive counterattack which pushed a 30 mile "bulge" into the Allied lines. Allies won leaving Germany nearly defenseless.