Speech Sounds Midterm

articulatory difference (vowel + consonant)

- degree of constriction

- ease of voicing

acoustic difference (vowel + consonant)

- resonance

- intensity

phonological difference (vowel + consonant)

syllable nuclei

vowel descriptors

- tongue position (high, mid, low)

- tongue advancement (front, central, back)

- rounded + unrounded

monopthongs

single, pure vowel sounds

- tense vs lax

diphthongs

two distinct vowel sounds blended into one syllable

- on-glide

- off-glide

tense monophthong vowels

• /i/• /e/• /u/• /a/• /ͻ/• /ɝ/• /o/

lax monophthong vowels

• /ɪ/• /ɛ/• /ӕ/• /ʊ/• /ʌ/• /ɚ/

*words without a silent 'e'

diphthong vowels

•/aɪ/

•/aʊ/

•/oɪ/

•/eɪ/

•/oʊ/

rhotic diphthongs

•/ɪr/

•/ɛr/

•/ʊr/

•/ͻr/

•/ar/

*r-controlled

*can also use /ɚ/

vowel reduction

unstressed vowels become weaker, shorter, and more centralized

- often turning into a shwa /ɚ/

vowel redution examples

i + e = ɪ

ɪ + ӕ + a + ͻ + ʊ = /ɚ/

u + o = ʊ

lips - muuscle

orbicularis oris

tongue - divisions

- tip

- blade

- dorsum (back of tongue)

- root

tongue - intrinsic muscles

contour and shape of tongue

- superior + inferior longistudinals

- transverse

- vertical

tongue - extrinsic muscles

adjust height + advancement of tongue

- genioglossus

- hypoglossus

- palatoglossus

- styloglossus

mandible

- increase or decrease size of oral cavity

- results in change in resonance

- supports lingual + labial muscles

- houses lower teeth

velum/soft palate

elevation + posterior movement results in coordination of:

- levator veli palatini

- tensor veli palatini

- palatoglossus

uvula

facilitates velopharyngeal closure

place of articulation - consonant

- bilabial

- labiodental

- lingua-alveolar

- linguapalatal

- lingua-velar

- glottal

stops/stop-plosive - manner of articulation

obstruent

- voiceles: /p/ /t/ /k/

- voiced /b/ /d/ /g/

fricatives - manner of articulation

obstruent

- voiceless: /f/ /θ/ /s/ /ʃ/ /h/

- voiced: /v/ /ð/ /z/ /ʒ/

affricates - manner of articulation

- voiceless: /tʃ/

- voiced: /dʒ/

nasals - manner of articulation

sonorants

- /m/ /n/ /ŋ/

liquids - manner of articulation

sonorants

-/l/ /r/

glides - manner of articulation

sonorants

- /w/ /j/

major class feature

what kind of sound is it?

- vocalic

- consonantal

- sonorant

cavity feature

where in the mouth is it made?

- coronal (tip of tongue)

- anterior (alveolar ridge)

- nasal

- lateral (along sides of tongue)

- high (tongue placement)

- low (tongue placement)

- back (tongue placement)

- round (lips)

manner feature

how the sound is made

source feature

what happens at vocal cords

prosodic feature

rhythm or melody of speech

bilabial - place of articulation

- /p/ - stop - voiceless

- /b/ - stop - voiced

- /m/ - nasal - voiced

labial/velar - place of articulation

/w/ - glide - voiced

final consonant deletion - syllable structure process

omission of final consonant/s of word, resulting in an open syllable

- ex: [bo] for "boat"

final consonant deletion age of suppression?

by 4 years of age

cluster reduction - syllable structure process

simplification of consonant cluster through omission of one or more consonants (may be total or partial)

- ex: total: [ap] for "stop"

- ex: partial: [tap] for "stop"

cluster reduction age of suppression?

by 4 years of age

unstressed (weak) syllable deletion - syllable structure process

omission of unstressed or weak syllable

- ex: [bun] for "balloon"

unstressed (weak) syllable deletion age of suppression?

by 4 years of age

epenthesis - syllable structure process

insertion of a sound, commonly /ə/ between two consonants, or following a voiced stop in final word position

- ex: [kəlin] for "clean"

epenthesis age of suppression?

by 8 years of age

reduplication - syllable structure process

simplifies syllable structure through repetition of the first syllable

total reduplication - syllable structure process

both syllables contain the same consonant and the same vowel

- ex: [baba] for "bottle"

partial reduplication - syllable structure process

the vowel in the second syllable is different

- ex: [babo] for "bottle"

reduplication age of suppression?

by 3 years of age

stopping - substitution process

- replaces a fricative sound for a stop sound

- omission of fricative element of affricates

- ex: [ti] for "see"

stopping for [f] and [s] age of suppression?

by 3 years of age

stopping for [v] and [z] age of suppression?

by 4 years of age

stopping for [ʃ, ʧ, ʤ, ð, θ] age of suppression?

by 5 years of age

gliding - substitution process

liquid or fricative sound gets placed by a glide

- [we] for "ray"

- [ju] for "shoe"

gliding age of suppression?

by age 6 years of age

fronting - substitution process

substitution of a more anterior sound for velars or palatals

- ex: [ti] for "key"

fronting age of suppression?

by 4 years of age

vocalization (vowelization) - substitution process

substitution of a vowel for syllabic liquids and nasals

- [tebo] for "table"

vocalization (vowelization) age of suppression?

by 5 years of age

affrication - substitution process

substitution of an affricate for a fricative

- ex: [ʧap] for "shop"

affrication age of suppression?

by 3 years of age

deaffrication - substitution process

substitution of a fricative for an affricate

- [ʃip] for "cheap"

deaffrication age of suppression?

by 4 years of age

consonant cluster substitution - substitution process

- substitution that involves one element of a consonant sequence

- number of elements is maintained

- ex: [stwit] for "street"

consonant cluster substitution age of suppression?

by 9 years of age

derhotacization - substitution process

loss of r-coloring for the central vowels [ɚ] and [ɝ]

- ex: [fɜ] for "fur"

derhotacization age of suppression?

by 4 years of age

denasalization - substitution process

substitution of a stop for a nasal

- ex: [tud] for "tune"

denasalization age of suppression?

by 3 years of age

prevocalic voicing - substitution process

voicing of a voiceless sound

- ex: [dɛn] for "ten"

prevocalic voicing age of suppression?

by 3 years of age

postvocalic voicing - substitution process

devoicing of a voiced sound

- ex: [bɛt] for "bed"

postvocalic voicing age of suppression?

by 3 years of age

progressive

influenced by sound that comes before the sound affected

regressive

influenced by sound that comes after the sound affected

labial assimilation - assimilation process

change of nonlabial sound due to another labial sound

- progressive: [bɛb] for "bed"

- regressive: [bap] for "stop"

labial assimilation age of suppression?

by 6 years of age

velar assimilation - assimilation process

change of a nonvelar sound due to another velar sound

- progressive: [kæk] for "cat"

- regressive: [gɔg] for "dog"

velar assimilation age of suppression?

by 4 years of age

alveolar assimilation - assimilation process

change of nonalveolar sound due to another alveolar sound

- progressive: [daid] for "dime"

- regressive: [dot] for "boat"

alveolar assimilation age of suppression?

by 5 years of age

nasal assimilation - assimilation process

change of non-nasal sound due to another nasal sound

*only change in manner, not place of articulation

- progressive: [cop] for "comb"

- regressive: [maim] for "dime"

nasal assimilation age of suppression?

by 3 years of age

voicing assimilation - assimilation process

change of non-voiced sound due to another voiced sound

- progressive:

- regressive: [sɪp] for "zip"